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ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘: ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช

ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘: ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ ืืš ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ ืžื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘. ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืขื•ื“ ืคื ื™ืžื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืจื’, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ืื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื›ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื”ืจื’ ื›ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘. ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช

ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื ืขืžื• ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ. ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืฉื™ืžืช "peacekeeping". ื”ืคืจืง ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”"ืžืฉื‘ืฉืช" ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื•ื•ืช, ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื• ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžืฆื™ืข ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื ื“ื‘ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืคืงื“ื™ื”. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืฆื”"ืœื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื ืคืฉื™

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื ืคืฉื™

ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช. ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืฆื™ืข ื›ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื, ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืžื—ืกื•ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืขื–ืจื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช. ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืขื–ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ืœื”. ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืกื™ื•ืข ื ืคืฉื™. ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืคื ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืขื–ืจื”. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืกื™ื•ืข ื ืคืฉื™. ื”ืขืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ืณื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœืณ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ืœืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื. ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช. ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ื”ืืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ 2023

ื”ืืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ 2023

ืกืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœืคืช. ื”ืžืกืžืš ืžืจื›ื– ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืขืกืงื™. *ื”ืžืกืžืš ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื’ืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžืช 'ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ' ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”. ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืž�ื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช - ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘

ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช - ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘

ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืงืฉื•ื‘ - ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืคื•ืœื ืก

ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืงืฉื•ื‘ - ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืคื•ืœื ืก

ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืคื•ืœื ืก ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื—ื•ืกืŸ, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”. ืณืžื™ื™ื ื“ืคื•ืœื ืกืณ, ืื• ืงืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื˜ืคื— ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœื”ื•ื•ื”, ืœืœื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืœืœื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• 27 ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืคื•ืœื ืก ื‘ืช 8 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื ื• ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื, ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืคื•ืœื ืก ืชืจืžื” ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืคื•ืœื ืก ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื ื“ืžื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืคืงื“, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื ื”ืœ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœื”ื™ืชืจื ืžื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœื›ืœื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื• ืœืคืชื— ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื’ื ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืคื•ืœื ืก ืื™ื ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžืžืคืงื“ื™ื. ืœืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช: ืกืงื™ืจื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช

ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช: ืกืงื™ืจื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช

ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื™ื ื” ืกืงื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืฉื—ื™ืงื”, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืฆื‘ื. ืกืงื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื‘ืฆื”ืดืœ. ื”ืžืกืžืš ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืงื”, ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื”, ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื” ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื•ืžื ื™ืขื”. ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื—ื™ืงื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฆื”ืดืœ. ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฆื”ืดืœ โ€“ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ืœืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื”ย ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”ย ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

ืžื˜ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ื ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืขืžื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ื”ื›ืœืœื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืž12- ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืฆื“ ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ืขื ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ืžืฆื™ืข ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช โ€“ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช-ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื. ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืžืคืงื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืœื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืชื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ื• ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ, ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ. ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ื‘ืืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื - ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืžื•ืŸ

ื‘ืืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื - ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืžื•ืŸ

ื ื“ื‘ืš ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื. ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืชืชื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืื’ื” ืœืคืจื˜. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ื•ื™ืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขื ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื•, ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืชื—ื–ืง ืื• ืชื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ. ืœืฆื“ ื–ืืช, ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื ื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื•ืื™-ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช (faire-laissez) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•. ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืฆืžื™ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืœืฆื“ ืื™-ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื•ื›ื™ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ื•ืœื”ื•ื•ืช "ืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ" ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืื™-ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ืื‘ื”ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

ืื‘ื”ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

ืงืžืœื™ื” ื•ื™ื˜ื ืจ, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื”, ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ืช ืขื ืืžื™ืจ ืืกื ื™ืŸ, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ, ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™. ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ื ื•ื›ื—, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžืจืชืงืช ื–ื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื‘ื•ืช - ืžืคืงื“ื™ื. ืœืฆื“ ื–ืืช ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช.

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ื”ืงืฉื‘ ื”ืžืคืงื“! ื”ืื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืงืฉื™ื‘?

ื”ืงืฉื‘ ื”ืžืคืงื“! ื”ืื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืงืฉื™ื‘?

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื›ืฉืžืคืงื“ ืฉื•ืžืข ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ืžืคืจืฉ ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื’ื‘ืฉ ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช. ืงื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ืงื•ืœ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืคืจื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืš ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืฉื™ื— ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ 'ืงื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™' ื•ืžื ืกื” ื“ืจืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืืžืคื™ืจื™ ืœื ืชื— ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืชื•ืคืก ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ - ื›ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™ - ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš. ื”ื ืžืขืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื›ืงื•ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื›ืงื•ืœ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ื "ืžืงืœ" ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื“ืจืš ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืฆืคืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ ื’ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื ืงื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ )ื’ื ืื ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”( ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื–ืจืงื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช. ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžืคืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืขืœ ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื

ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžืคืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืขืœ ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื

ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช ื•ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื•ื”ื ืขื”, ืœืฆื“ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื™ื ืื• ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืจืื”. ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืชื— ืžืชืžืฉืš. ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื•ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืจื’ืฉื™. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•.
ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื”ื. ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’, ืžืคืชื—ืช ื‘ื• ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืฉื™ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฆื‘ืื™, ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืžื“ืจื’ ืฉื ื™. ืœืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื -

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ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช - ืฉื ืช 2022

ืฉื—ืจ ืžื ื“ืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื›ืืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2022. ืฉื ืช 2022 ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื“ืจ, ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืชื•ืคืขืช ืดื”ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืงื˜ื”ืด. ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœื”ืขืžืงื” ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช. ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžืœื:

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ืžื” ืžื”ืคื ื˜ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื?

ืžื” ืžื”ืคื ื˜ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื?

ืกื“ืจืช ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ 'ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”' ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื”", ืคืจื•ืค' ืžื™ื›ื” ืคื•ืคืจ ื•ื“"ืจ ืขืžืจื™ ืงืกื˜ืœื ื•ื‘ื•. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื”- ื•ืžืคื ื” ืืช ื”ื–ืจืงื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืช.

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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื

ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•, ื•ืื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื. ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืืคืฉืจื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ "ืคืฉื•ื˜" ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืžื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ื‘ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ื ื–ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• 'ื—ื“ืฉ'. ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ืžืกืžืš ื–ื” ืกื•ืงืจ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืกืžืš ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืงืข ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ' ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ' ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื”ืฆื’ืช ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช , ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืงื™ื ื•ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ. ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืกืžืš ื”ืžืœื ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ื“"ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื’, ืงืจืŸ ืฉื—ืฃ ื•ืืžื™ืจ ืืกื ื™ืŸ

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ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื’ื ื›ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ืžืจืชืงืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืช ื—ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžื•ืจ ืขื ื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ืœื•ื– ื‘ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ "ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ื ื™" ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ืช - ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ื•ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”.

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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืขื ื•ื•ื”

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืขื ื•ื•ื”

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืงืจื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื›ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชื‘ื”ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ โ€“ ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื•ืื™ืช ืืœื ื”ื’ืžืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช, ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ื ื” ื•ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื•ืคืก ืชืื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™. ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืฉืจื™ืช ืืœืคื™ื”-ื“ื™ืžื ื˜. ื”ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ? ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” (ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืฉืืœื” ื•ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ?) ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื›ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™? ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื? ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” ื“ืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜, ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืžื” ืฉ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช (ื•ืื—"ื› ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช): 1. ืืชื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ ืฉืœืš. ื ื”ื“ืจ. ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืขืžื“ื” ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ืช ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ืš ืžื ื”ื™ื’. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืš ืกืžื›ื•ืช. ืžื™ื›ื” ืคื•ืคืจ ืžื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืกืžื›ื•ืช, ื›ื•ื— ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ื“ืš ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช. ืœื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉืชื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืืš ืงื™ื™ืžืชื ืขื™ืžื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื• ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“? ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื ืช ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ื—ืจื” ื•ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• "ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ" ื•ืื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœืš ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœืš ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ืคืงื•ื“ื™ืš ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ื›ืœ ืงื•ืฉื™, ืืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ - 2. ื”ื’ื“ืจืชืš ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื. ืœื ืจืง ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชืš. ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื• ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืš. ื”ื ืืœื• ื”ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ืš. ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื ื“ืœืง ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืื• ื ื›ื‘ื”. ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื”"ืžืขืœ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ" ืื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™. ืืš ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื• ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืืช ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ - ื”ืื ืื ืฉื™ืš ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืš ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’? ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืช ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, 3. ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื•. ื”ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคืงื•ื“ ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืžืคืงื“ ืฉืœื• ื“ื•ืื’ ืœื• ื“ืื’ื” ื›ื ื” ื•ืขืžื•ืงื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื. ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ (ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช) ื•ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ืžืžื ื™ ืชืจืื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืขืฉื•" (ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื™ื•ืฉืจื”, ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ืžืขืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“). ื™ืกื•ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื• . ืฆื•ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืžืœื•ื›ื“ ืœื ืจืง ืืœ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. 4. ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ื›ืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืื™ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืชื™/ื”ืงืฉืจื™ ืื—ืจ. ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื ื•ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืœืฆื“ืงืช ื”ื“ืจืš, ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื•. ื”ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื—ื–ืง ื‘ d.n.a ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื” ? ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ - context, ืฉืžื’ืœื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื’ืข ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืงืฆืจื”: 1. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืชื™, ืœื ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ "ื”ืื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ". ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ, ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื”. ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื™ื“ืข ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ื•ืœืคื ื™ื•. ื—ืฉื•ื‘- ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœืš? 2. ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื ืœืฆื“ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜, ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืžืชื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื’ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘-engagement ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื™ืฉื™, ื”ืชืืžืช ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™/ืื—ืจื™ ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื•ืขื•ื“. 3. ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช. ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžื’ืžื” ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ืจืื” ืžื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืช, ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื. ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ืฆื™ื” ื‘-attachment ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช. ื”ืื ื”ืžื ื”ืœ / ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื™? ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื•? ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื•? ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื•? ื—ืฉื•ื‘- ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœืš? ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืคืงื•ื“ื™ืš? 4. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืชื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืื’'ื ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื”ื’ื ืจื™. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ - ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ? ืืœื• ื”ืฉืชื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš? ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืคืงื“ ื›ืขืช ื—ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช, ืืช ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืงื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืฉื ื™ื ืืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ืขืฆืžื”: ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ, ื”ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ืžืคืงื“.

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ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจ: ืกืงื™ืจื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช

ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจ: ืกืงื™ืจื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ื“"ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื’ ื•ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื” ืกืงื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื“ืจื’ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจ . ืกืงื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื–ื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ื ืืจื”"ื‘, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”, ื“ืจื•ื-ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื“ืจื•ื-ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžืกืžืš ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจ, ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื•ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื•, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืขืฆื‘ืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžืคืงื“ ื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจ ื›ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืขืžืงื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช. ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืกืžืš ื”ืžืœื

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ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจ: ืกืงื™ืจื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช

ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจ: ืกืงื™ืจื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ื“"ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื’ ื•ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื” ืกืงื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื“ืจื’ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจ . ืกืงื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื–ื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ื ืืจื”"ื‘, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”, ื“ืจื•ื-ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื“ืจื•ื-ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžืกืžืš ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจ, ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื•ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื•, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืขืฆื‘ืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžืคืงื“ ื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจ ื›ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืขืžืงื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช. ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืกืžืš ื”ืžืœื

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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื•ื•ื”: ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•...ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช?

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื•ื•ื”: ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•...ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช?

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืงืจื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื›ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชื‘ื”ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ โ€“ ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื•ืื™ืช ืืœื ื”ื’ืžืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช, ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ื ื” ื•ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžื–ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื•ืคืก ืชืื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™.

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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”: ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื›ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคื—ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”: ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื›ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคื—ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”

ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”, ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘-1984? ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืืœื ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื โ€“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืจืชื•ืจ ืกืงืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ืื—ืช ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืชืืฆ'ืจ โ€“ "ืืฉืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ". ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ื•ืžื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ, ืขืœ ืจืชื™ืžื” ื‘ืขืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืž ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช . ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ื›ื ืก ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื˜"ื“ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020 ื›ืฉื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืฆื”"ืœ- ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืกื"ืœ ื“ื•ื“ื• ื’ืœืขื“

ื›ื ืก ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื˜"ื“ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020 ื›ืฉื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืฆื”"ืœ- ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืกื"ืœ ื“ื•ื“ื• ื’ืœืขื“

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ื›ื ืก ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื˜"ื“ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ืจืฆืื” ืชื"ืœ ื–ื™ื• ืื‘ื˜ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื˜"ื“

ื›ื ืก ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื˜"ื“ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ืจืฆืื” ืชื"ืœ ื–ื™ื• ืื‘ื˜ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื˜"ื“

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ื›ื ืก ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื˜"ื“ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ืจืฆืื” ืชื"ืœ ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื‘ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื—

ื›ื ืก ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื˜"ื“ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ืจืฆืื” ืชื"ืœ ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื‘ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื—

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ื“ืงื” ืขืœ "ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื”"

ื“ืงื” ืขืœ "ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื”"

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ื“ืงื” ืขืœ "ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช"

ื“ืงื” ืขืœ "ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช"

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ื“ืงื” ืขืœ "ื™ื“ืข ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื"

ื“ืงื” ืขืœ "ื™ื“ืข ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื"

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ืืชืจ ื”ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ

ืืชืจ ื”ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ

ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืชืจ

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ื“ืงื” ืขืœ "ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืืชื’ื•ืจ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื”"

ื“ืงื” ืขืœ "ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืืชื’ื•ืจ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื”"

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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื•ื•ื”: ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•...ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช?

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื•ื•ื”: ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•...ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช?

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืงืจื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื›ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชื‘ื”ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ โ€“ ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื•ืื™ืช ืืœื ื”ื’ืžืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช, ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ื ื” ื•ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžื–ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื•ืคืก ืชืื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™. ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžืฉืœื‘

ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžืฉืœื‘

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืงืžืœื™ื” ื•ื™ื˜ื ืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืงืจื”: ื™ื ืื™ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื”ื™ื ื ืฉื ื™ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืžื”ืจืžื” ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื ื™ืงื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ื™ื ืื™ ืืกืฃ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื• ื‘ื—ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: "ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉืžื•ืข, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš. ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื•ืช, ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืžืžืฉ, ื ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™. ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืฆืื• ืœื“ืจืš" ื™ื•ืื‘ ืœืขื•ืžืช, ื–ืืช ืืกืฃ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื• ื‘ืคืจื’ื•ืœื”, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื•ืืžืจ: "ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ืืก ืืชื›ื ืžืžืฉ ื•ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ืชื ืœืฆืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื ื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืช. ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื‘ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ื’ื ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ ืื‘ืœ ื™ืืœืœื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ืงื•ืช. ืžื™ ืฉืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœื• ืขื ื–ื”, ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ" ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื ืงื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”. ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื? ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ (ืงืžืœื™ื” ื•ื™ื˜ื ืจ, 2017) ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืžืคื” ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ืจื™ื: 1. ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช : ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืืกืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืฉืœื• ื•ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. 2. ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช : ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืงืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื•, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื•. ื™ืฉื ื” ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืื• ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืืš ืžืคืงื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื“ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช. ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ื™ื ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืืกืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช". ื™ื•ืื‘, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช" ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืžืคื” 4 ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื: ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื” (ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™, ืœื ืคืชื•ื—): ืžืคืงื“ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืืš ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—. ื”ื—ื‘ืจ (ืคืชื•ื—, ืœื ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™): ืžืคืงื“ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื—ื™ืœื™ื™ื• ืืš ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืœื• ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช. ื”ื ืขืœื (ืœื ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืœื ืคืชื•ื—): ืžืคืงื“ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืœื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื•. ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ (ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™): ืžืคืงื“ ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ื“ืืœื™ืช ืืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืื™ืฉื™ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืฉื ืœืขืฆืžื•: ืื™ืคื” ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจืฃ? ืื™ืคื” ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช? ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื™? ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•? ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“, ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจืช, ืืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”. ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“, ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื, ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื•ืœืจื•ื— ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.

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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื

ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื? ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื›ืืŸ ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020 ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช The Leadership Quarterly. ื”ืžืืžืจ ื“ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืืฉืจ ืžื ืชื—ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื’ืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” โ€“ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื’ื ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ืื• ื“ืจืš ืžืชืŸ ืขืจืš ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’. ื”ืžืืžืจ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืืžืคื™ืจื™ ืžืžืฉ ืืœื ื“ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ืขื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ: ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืงื“ ืกื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื

ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ: ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืงื“ ืกื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื

ื”ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื—"ื˜ ืกื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืœืžืขืจืš ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื”ื: ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ "ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจื—", ืžืชืŸ ื“ื’ืฉ ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืžืชืŸ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืœืžื’"ื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื”, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืฃ ื•ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช (ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืœ) ื•ืขื•ื“.

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ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื—ื“ โ€“ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆืœืœื™ื: ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช

ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื—ื“ โ€“ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆืœืœื™ื: ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช

ื”ืžืืžืจ ืกื•ืงืจ ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžื•ืฆื’ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ืฉืœ "ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช", ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžืžื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื”.

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ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื’"ื“ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื โ€“ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืžื’"ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื

ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื’"ื“ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื โ€“ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืžื’"ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื

ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’"ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืžื - ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื’"ื“ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช ืฉืœื”ื; ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื ื”ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื โ€“ ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื, ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—, ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื• โ€“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื•ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืงืžืช ืžื˜ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื.

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ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืž"ืค ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื โ€“ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืž"ืค ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื

ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืž"ืค ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื โ€“ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืž"ืค ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื

ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืžืคื” ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืž"ืค ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขืช, ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืกื’ืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืฆื™ืข ื“ืจื›ื™ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื โ€“ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื•ื’ื”, ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ืกื’ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“.

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ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืื• ืืชื’ืจ?

ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืื• ืืชื’ืจ?

ื”ืžืืžืจ ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ื–ืืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช. ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื›ืœื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืชืžื˜ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ื›ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ืืœื ื’ื ื›ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืื™ืชื•.

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ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื โ€“ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื

ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื โ€“ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื

ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื›ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›"ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™", ื–ืืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” (ืฉืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื "ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ") ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืฉืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช "ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™"). ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ื›ืœื™ื ืœืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืชืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื–ืžื ืช ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ืืชื’ืจ ืœืฆื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื•ื”ื ืื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš, ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืคืช ื•ืขื•ื“.

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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืงืจื‘ืช ืžืจื—ื•ืง

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืงืจื‘ืช ืžืจื—ื•ืง

ืžืืช: ื ื’ื” ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ-ืคืœืื ื•ืชืช-ืืœื•ืฃ ืืžื™ืจ ืื‘ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช-ืžืงืจื‘ืช ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืžืคื’ืฉ ืคื™ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืœืคืงื•ื“ื™ื•. ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื›ืจื— ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื“ืจื’ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื ืืฃ ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”: ืžื™ืžื“ ืคื™ื–ื™, ืžื™ืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืžื™ืžื“ ื“ื™ื ืžื™-ืจื’ืฉื™, ืžื™ืžื“ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™, ื•ืžื™ืžื“ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™. ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืงืจื‘ืช ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื–ื•: ื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ืงื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื: ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืงืจื‘ืช ืžืจื—ื•ืง

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ืžืชื™ ืขืฆืจืช ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”?

ืžืชื™ ืขืฆืจืช ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”?

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืฉืจื™ืช ืืœืคื™ื” ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ื”. ืžืชื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ืžืชื™ืช, ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกืคืงื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘-doing ืชื•ืจื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื”ืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ. ื”-doing ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืฆื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืคืงื˜ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื’ื™ืขื”, ืืš ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืงื™ื™ื ืคืจื“ื•ื›ืก: ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ื›ืš ื”ื ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื ื”ืœ. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช. ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ืœืœื ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ื”ืžืืžืŸ. ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ืžื”ืคืกื“ ืœื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘. ืœื›ืš ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื›ืžื ื•ืฃ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ื”ืขืฆื™ืจื” ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช (ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ื–ื•ื’ื™ืช) ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืชื— ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืžื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืคื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ืืฃ ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžืชื™ืช. ืœืจื•ื‘, ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืชืขืฆื•ืจ ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื—ืงื™ืจ, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืจื•ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื›ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื•ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื—, ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืกืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืคืขื•ืœื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจืช, ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื›ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ 10000 ื“ืจืš ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืจืฆืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”. ืชืžืจื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ืจ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืžื—ื“ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืชืžื•ืจื” ื™ืงืจื” ืžืคื–. ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืœืขืฆื™ืจื”: ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื - ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ - ืขืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื ืขืฆืžืš. ืงื‘ืข ืค.ืข ืžืชื•ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœื•"ื– ืขื ืขืฆืžืš. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื•ื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื”ืจ ื›ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืœืœื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืชื“ืข ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืžืฆื ื–ืืช ืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš. ื”ืชื—ืœ ืžื–ืžื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื›7 ื“ืง ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืชืžืฆื ื–ืืช ื›ืžื•ืขื™ืœ. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื• ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื™ื–ื•ืžื” ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืงื‘ืข ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื• ืชืงื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื - ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ืฉื™ื— ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘, ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื›ื™ ืชืžืฆื ื–ืืช ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื›ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉืคื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื– ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืคืชื— ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื..

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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช - ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช?

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช - ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช?

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืงืžืœื™ื” ื•ื™ื˜ื ืจ "ื–ื” ื›ื›ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•" "ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืื ืื ื™ ืืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืขืœื”? ื”ื ื’ื ื›ื›ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข" "ืขื–ื‘ื™, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช" ืืœื” ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืžืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื”ืืžืช, ืฉืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื. ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื’ื ืื ื›ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืื“ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืื• ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืืกืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื ืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฉืจืฉื™ื ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื ืจื›ืฉ" (Learned Helplessness) ืคืจื•ืค' ื–ืœื™ื’ืžืŸ, ืื—ื“ ืžืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ืืช ืชื•ืคืขืช "ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืจื›ืฉ" ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื: ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื "ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื ืจื›ืฉ" โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืคืกื™ืžื™ื™ื - ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉืชื ื”". "ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื ืจื›ืฉ" ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ื•ื™ืจืช ืžืจืžื•ืจ, ืžื•ื ืข ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื ืจื›ืฉ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ "ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™" โ€“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™, ืืœื ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืฉืื ืกื” ืœื™ื–ื•ื ืื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข. ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืž"ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™" โ€“ ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฉื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™. ื›ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืžืคืงื“ื™ื, ื ืจืฆื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘. ืื– ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”? - ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืž"ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื ืจื›ืฉ" ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ "ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™"?: 1. ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœื•"ื– ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื ื•ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื•. ื’ื ืื ืขื•ืœื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื•, ื‘ื™ื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื ื• ืœื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜. 2. ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื˜ืขื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื, ื”ื ื™ืžื ืขื• ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•"ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืงื•ืคืกื". ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžืžื ื• ืœืงื—ื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื›ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœ"ื ื–ื™ืคื”". 3. ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” โ€“ ืขืฉื• ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื ืจื›ืฉ โ€“ ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœืชืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืœืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ("ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” / ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื ื” / ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง / ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”..."). ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื (ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœื ื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”) โ€“ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื”ื! ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• โ€“ ื”ืจืคื• ืžืžื ื• ืœืขืช ืขืชื” ื•ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉ*ื›ืŸ* ื‘ืžื•ื˜ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื›ื. ืื– ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืชื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื "ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื ืจื›ืฉ"? ื•ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ "ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™"?

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ื—ื•ืกืŸ - ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื”

ื—ื•ืกืŸ - ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื”

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืฉื™ืจืฆืงื™ ืขื“ื™, ื ื‘ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืคื•ืœืฆ'ืง ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื• ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืœืฉื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžืกืชื’ืœืช ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ (ื—ื™ื™ืœ, ืœื•ื—ื ,ืื• ืžืคืงื“) ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžืช. ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžืช ื•ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื•ืžืชืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื• ื›ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืคืงื“ ืฉืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื•. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื ื” ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืืš ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื•, ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืงืจื™ืื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”! ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื - ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื”

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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื•ืช

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื•ืช

ื”ื•ืคืง ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืขื ืฃ ืžืœื•"ืค, ื”ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช

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ืกื™ืœื•ืง ืžื•ืงืฉื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”

ืกื™ืœื•ืง ืžื•ืงืฉื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”

ื”ื•ืคืง ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืขื ืฃ ืžืœื•"ืค, ื”ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช

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ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ - ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™

ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ - ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™

ื”ื•ืคืง ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืขื ืฃ ืžืœื•"ืค, ื”ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช

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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ

ื”ื•ืคืง ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืขื ืฃ ืžืœื•"ืค, ื”ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช

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ืืชืจ "ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ืžืฉืจืช"

ืืชืจ "ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ืžืฉืจืช"

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืืชืจ "ืคื•ืจื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืจืช" - ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื˜ืžืขืช ืชืคื™ืกืช "ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืจืช" ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ: https://shirana3.wixsite.com/my-site

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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืคืจืื“ื”, ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•"ื”ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”"

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืคืจืื“ื”, ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•"ื”ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”"

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืžื™ืจื‘ ืจื•ื–ื ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื” ื”ืžืœื‘ื™ืฉื” [1] ืžืฉืชืคืช ืฉืœื™ ื’ืจื•ืก ื‘ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืฆืคื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช, ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืคืจืื“ื”". ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 15 ืฉื ื”, ืžื’ืœื” ื’ืจื•ืก ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืฉื˜ืŸ, ื”ืœื ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืจื ื“ื” ืคืจืกื˜ืœื™, ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ืช (ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ืค) ืœืื ื” ื•ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื’. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื™ืจื ื“ื”, ืžื ื”ืœืช ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืขื™ืžื” ืื• ื ื•ื—ื”, ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื“ื™ืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—, ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ื’ืจื•ืก. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ :ืœื ืœืคื—ื“ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™: ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืฉืขื•ื–ืจืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื' ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื›ืจืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘' ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืณ, ื”ื™ื ืžืงื“ืžืช ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื. ืžื™ืจื ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืขื’ื•ืœื”, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ืžืจื•ื‘ื“ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื ื•. ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจืช ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืืช ื–ืžื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืืฉืช ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื•ื’ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืขืœื”. ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืขื“ืŸ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช ื’ืจื•ืก ื‘ืžื™ืจื ื“ื”, ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื˜ืŸ, ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืœื™ ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื "ืžื“ืžืžื™ื" [2] ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื—ื“ืฉื™ื [3] . ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืœื“ืœื‘ืจ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืขื™ื ื• ืื• ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ื•ื”ืจืฉืช ืžืœืื” ื‘ืขืฆื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื”ืœ.ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืคืชื™, ืงืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช, ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืžืืฉื™ืžื•ืช "ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื" [4] ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช [5] ื’ื ื”ื. ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืจื˜: ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืคืจืื“ื” ืฆืคื™ืจืช ื”ืจื’ืขื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช.ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. 1. ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืกื•ืฃ. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืื›ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื™ื”, ืื ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื• ื”ืžื›ืจืขืช, ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ [6] ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ืืžื™, ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื’ืŸ, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ืื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ืžื™ืฉื”, ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ ืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืจืขื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“. ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ื ืžื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ืก. 2. ื–ื” ืœื ืืชื” (ื‘ื•ืก) ื–ื” ืื ื™. ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืชืืจื’ื ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ืฉืžืขื™ื [7] ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ [8] ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœ ื” Big Resignation ื›ืืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื , ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืœื• ืฉื”ื›ื ืกืชื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืื• ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ื’ื ืช, ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ , ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ (ืกื’ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ื™ื, ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื—ืœ"ืช). 3. ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ืื•ื›ืœืช ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœื.ื‘. ื‘ืคืจืคืจืื–ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืจ , ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ื–ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”DNA ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™, ื”ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ ืœืžืฆื‘. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืžื•ื ื•ื—ืžืงืžืง, ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžืืฉื™ืžื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ื•ื ื•ื›ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื. ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืŸ (ืื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ ืืžื•ืŸ) ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื•, ืื• ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชืคื•ืงืชื™ ื•ืœื ืชืฉื•ืžืชื™, ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ื™ืกื•ืก ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ 4 ื™ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ืช. 4. ืืžืคืชื™ื”. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ [9] , ืขืกืงืชื™ ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžืคืชื™ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื™ ืขืกืงืชื™ ื‘ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ ืกื˜ืจื™, ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžืคืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื–ื ื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืื ื™ ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ืื•ืชื ืžื•ืชืฉื™ื, ื—ืจื“ื™ื, ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ื—ืœืงื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ืฆื ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื ืื™ื ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ืื• ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืขื™ืžื” ื”ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืื™ืชื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืขื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžืขื ื” ืœืคืขืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื, ื”"ื™ื—ื“" ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืคื™ื’ ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœื ื•ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืœืฉืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื›ื•ื— ืžืจืคื. ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื. ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืืœ ืชื ื™ื—ื• ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื”, ืชื‘ืจืจื• ืืฆืœื›ื ื’ื ืœืžื” ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืœืžื” ื ืฉืืจื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ืœืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืœืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. . 5. ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืคืจืื“ื” ื™ืฆืจื” ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืขื (ืžืจื‘ื™ืช) ืื ืฉื™ื” . ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืฉื ื™ืช ื•ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืช, ืžื™ืจื ื“ื” ื“ื•ืื’ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื•ืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ. ื—ืœืงืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืื™ืชื” ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื–ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื” ื‘ืืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื. ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžืขื ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™. ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ " ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื [10] ", ื‘ื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื”ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ืช, ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ. ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืืœื™ืช ื•ื—ืžืงืžืงื”. ืžื—ื“, ืฉื™ืžืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืชื—ืžืช ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื•ืข. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื›ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื‘ืœ ืชืคื•ืงื” ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืขื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”"ืื™ืš" ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™. ืžืชื™ ืชืจืฉื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืœืจืงื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ? ื›ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื• ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจืŸ? ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช. ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืœ ืชื—ืฉืฉื• ืœืฆื“ ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ื”ืืžืคืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืžื™ืจื ื“ื”, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ, ืžืขื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื. ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืข. ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช, ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื•ื•ืชื”. ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืคืชื™ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืคืชื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื•ื›ื›ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจืช. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช [1] https://www.shelly-gross.com/ [2] https://www.fastcompany.com/90687805/this-is-the-cost-of-the-great-resignation-heres-what-leaders-can-do [3] https://theconversation.com/the-great-resignation-is-a-trend-that-began-before-the-pandemic-and-bosses-need-to-get-used-to-it-170197 [4] https://www.forbes.com/sites/victorlipman/2015/08/04/people-leave-managers-not-companies/?sh=4290a69447a9 [5] https://www.inc.com/marcel-schwantes/why-are-workers-really-quitting-you-can-boil-it-down-to-1-simple-reason.html [6] https://www.fastcompany.com/90687805/this-is-the-cost-of-the-great-resignation-heres-what-leaders-can-do [7] https://www.fastcompany.com/90674398/its-not-the-great-resignation-but-the-great-reprioritization [8] https://amp-theatlantic-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/amp.theatlantic.com/amp/article/620927/ [9] https://www.bislamonline.org.il/post/%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94-%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91-%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%93-%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%94 [10] https://time.com/6082503/bosses-shape-future-work/

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ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื˜ืืœื ื˜ื™ื - ืื™ืš ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืงืžืœื™ื” ื•ื™ื˜ื ืจ ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ 2022 ืžื’ื™ืคืช "ื”ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”" (" The Big Resignation" ) ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืจื’ืข. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื’ืœ ื”ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื (1). ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื•. ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืš ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ YOLO (You Only Live Once) โ€“ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ื•ืื ื›ืš โ€“ ืื– ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ื‘ื”. ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืขืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื "ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื”" ืœื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชืคื˜ืจื™ื. ื›ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” โ€“ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืืฆืœื ื•? ื’ื ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืกื•ืง ื‘"ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืจื ื™ื" ื•"ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืจืก"ื ื™ื" ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. "ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื" ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ โ€“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ืืœื ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื. ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืืชืžืงื“ ื‘ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-2019, ื˜ืจื•ื ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ืคื•ืจืกื ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจื‘ืก ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” "ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื" (2). ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื•ื. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ "ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”" ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•, ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” โ€“ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ( Attachment Theory ). (3) ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื•. ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื•ืœื‘ื™, ืื‘ื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”, ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืกืคืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“/ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“/ื” ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื— ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช "ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”". ื•ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ? ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืชื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืœื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืจืง ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืขื ื• ืœื’ื™ืœืื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื›ืฉื ืžืฆื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื•, ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ืื ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ืœืืžืฅ ืœืขืฆืžื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ "ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”" ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช. ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง "ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”" ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื• ื•ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”? "ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”" ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœ/ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“/ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืฉืชื™ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช: 1. ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืชืžืš ื‘ื• โ€“ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื’ื™ืฉื”, ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™, ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืขื–ืจื”. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”ื•ืจื” ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืชืžืš ื‘ื• ืื ื ืคืœ ื•ื ืคืฆืข ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ืื• ืจื‘ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข โ€“ ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืื ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืื• ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”. ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื, ื‘ืืžืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื•, ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืžืฉื˜ืจืช ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืžื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืืœื ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื”ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื, ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื›ืฉืงืฉื”, ืœืคืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื• ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”. 2. ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื™ืœื“/ ืขื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืจืง: "ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื™ืœื“? ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ืขื ื”ืชืงืจื”" ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—, ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ื”ื™ืœื“ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช, ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื•ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื "ืžื’ืจืฉ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื" ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืžื™ื— ื•ื”ืžืืชื’ืจ, ื™ื”ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื™ืจืฆื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ. ืื ื›ืŸ, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื’ืจ, ื•ื›ืฉืฆืจื™ืš โ€“ ื’ื "ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืชืงืจื”" โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื•ืืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืืœื ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื ื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช (4), ื›ืš ืฉืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืื™ ืคืขื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื•ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”. ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ื˜ืืœื ื˜ื™ื" ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืขื•ืฃ ื•ืืœื” ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช "ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื". ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฆืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื ื”ื“ืจืช, ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”"ื˜ืืœื ื˜ื™ื"(5). ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง ื”ื "ื”ืกืžืŸ ื”ื™ืžื ื™" ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง ื‘ืคืจื™ื—ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ "ื˜ืืœื ื˜" ืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืจื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง, ืืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืืจืฅ ื ื”ื“ืจืช" ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืืœื ื˜ื™ื ืœ"ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”"? ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ืืœื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช (ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืคืก ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ), ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืžืžื•ืฉืžืข, ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ืžืขืงื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื• ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื•ืชื ื•ื“ืชื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืขื•ื–ื” ื•ืžืขื•ืฃ, ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืขื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™. ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืคื•ืก ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื• ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ "ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืชืžืš ื‘ื•" ื™ื—ื“ ืขื "ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”" ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื• ืฉื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘-state of mind ืฉืœ "ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ" ื›ืžื™ ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืจืง ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•. ืืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกื’ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”"ื˜ืืœื ื˜". ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืคืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื: 1. ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื”ื ืžืกืจ ืฉืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื”ื, ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืืœ "ืชื—ื ืงื•" ืื•ืชื ืขื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ืžืขืงื‘ ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื™ืชื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื”ืชืื. 2. ืชื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช - ื’ื ืื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืื• ืœื ืžืชืื™ื, ื ืกื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืจืš. ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืชื ื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ืื•ืชื ื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉืžื. 3. ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืืช ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื โ€“ ืœืฆื“ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ "ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื–ืจื”" ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืื™ืœื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœืื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื ืœืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื. 4. ืคืจื’ื ื• โ€“ ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื• ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื›ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื โ€“ ื“ืื’ื• ืœืคืจื’ืŸ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื›ืš โ€“ ืœื”ื ื›ื™ื— ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ. 5. ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืงืฉื™ื™ื โ€“ ืขืฆืจื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื? ืื™ืœื• ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชืกื›ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืื• ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืกื™ื•ืข. ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืืคืฉืจ, ืขืฉื• ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืงื•ืฉื™ - ื”ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœ/ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืžืจ ื˜ืืœื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™. ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช : 1. ื’ืœ ื”ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ 2. "ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื" 3. ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช 4. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื•ืงื” 5. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื ื”ื“ืจืช

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ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ื˜ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™ "ื•ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืื“ื, ื™ื“ื™ื• ืžื•ืจืžื•ืช ืืœ ืขืœ ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ: ืฉืžืข" (ืขื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืจืง) ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืงืคื”, ืœืคืชืข ืžืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืจืฅ ืื“ื ื–ืจ ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืคื” ื•ื”ืชื ืคืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืื“ื™ืจ, ื—ืจืฃ ื”ื”ืœื ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืจื’ืฉ ืžื”ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืฉืื™ืจืขื” ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™, ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืงื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงืคืช ื–ืขื ืจืง ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืงืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืจื’ืข ืืžืจ "ืชื“ืข ืœืš, ืž' ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื™". ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืคืขืžื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืกื™ืคืจื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื•, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืื– ืฉืจืชื• ื™ื—ื“. ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื–ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื›ื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช ื’ื ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”? ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืž' ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช ื•ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื›ืžื•ื” ื›ืื”ื‘ื”. ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”, ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืื• ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ, ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื’ืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื• ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ืžื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืงืกื ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืžืคืงื“ ื•ืคืงื•ื“ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ืžื•ื ื”ื’? ืžื”ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื? ืžื”ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืžื” ื”ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืžืขืจื‘ืช ืจื•ื— ื•ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืชืžื”ื™ืœ ืขืœ-ืืจืฆื™? ืื•ืชื• ืงืกื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช ืœืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืคืœืื•ืช? ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืงืจื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขื•ืจืจ ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื’ื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขืžื•ืง ืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื ื’ื ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—, ื›ื–ื• ืฉื”ืžืฉื’ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื•ื›ืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืื‘ื“ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื’ืชื™ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืžืจืืฉ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™, ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืชื—ื–ื™ืง ืจื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืคืชื— ืงื•ื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชื›ื ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ื–ืจื–ื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืกื•ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”. ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื ืฉืžืขืช ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื•, ื•ืื›ืŸ ืืœื” ื”ื ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื—ืžืงืžืงื”, ืืš ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉื“ืจื›ื” ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืกื ืฉืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืœืงื•ื— ืžืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ. ืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื›ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“, ืื•ืœื, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžืื•ืชื” ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื’ืจื” ืื•ืชื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ื ื•ืช "ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช" , ื–ื”ื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” , ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืงืข ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœื•, ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืžืงื“ ืืช ื–ืจืงื•ืจ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื• ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™ืช, ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื•ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ ื‘ื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’, ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื”, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”, ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ( ืจื’ืฉ, ืชืคื™ืกื”, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช) ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืื•ืคื ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื ืคืฉ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื. ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืชื ืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืฉืจืื”. ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื›ื™ ื ืคืชื—ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื”, ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืจืฉืื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื• ืงื•ื“ื. ืžื”ืœืš ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื ื•ืข ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื–ื• ืžื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืœืฉืืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืชื• ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื•ื. ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืœื ืžื•ื•ืกืช (ืกื•ืฃ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”). ืืงืกืœ ืžื•ื ื˜ื” ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืชืืจ ื–ืืช ื›ืฉืืžืจ "ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืืช ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืืช ื”ื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•" ื•ื‘ืจื•ื— ืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืกื˜ืจืŸ ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ (moments of meeting) ื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช" ื›ื›ืืœื• ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื• ืืฉืจ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ . ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื›ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’, ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืขื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื›ืžืกืคืง ืฆื•ืจืš ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืžืจืชื™ . ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืจื’ืฉื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืžื•ืชืื, ืื•ืœื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืœื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงืงื•ืช . ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืžืขื ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื™ ืฉืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื, ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื (ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›'). ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคื ืžื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื• ื›ื™ืœื“, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ื”ื’ ืขื ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื™ืœื“ ืืฉืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืœืฉื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืชื•. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืคื ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื—ืœืงื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ื•ื•ืช ืืฃ ื›ื˜ืจืื•ืžืชื™ื™ื, ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืืœื• (ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื) "ื ืฆืจื‘ื™ื" ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื–ื“ืžื ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•. ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืขื ื” ื”ื•ืจื™ ืœื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ื“ ื›ืœืœื™ ื›"ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืืžืคื˜ื™ื™ื", ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื”ืกื“ืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืจื“ื•ืช, ืกืคืงื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื, ื”ืขื“ืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื’ื•, ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื›' ืืฉืจ ืื•ืชื ื™ื™ืฉื ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื›ื›ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืกื•ื•ื’ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืืžืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืฉืขื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ืจืื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช . ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืคืง ืœื™ืœื“ื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืžืขื ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืืœื• ( ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื’ื“ืœ), ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืกืคืง ืœืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื• : ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื” (mirroring) ื•ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืจื” (ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื–ื™ืฆื™ื”). ืฆืจื›ื™ ื” mirroring ื”ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื ืจืื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืจื”, ืขืจืš, ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืœืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื•. ื“ืจื›ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืชื™ืงื•ืฃ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื—ืฉ ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืขื ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืืœื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืœ ืกื“ืง ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื• ืžืขื•ืจืขืจ. ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืื“ืจืช, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืกื•ืช, ื”ืจื’ืขื”, ืคืฉืจ, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•. ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื–ื• ืงืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื™ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœื™ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืงื˜ื” ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ืžื ื”ืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื™. ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืžื ื”ืœ, ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆื‘ื) ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจื’ืจืกื™ื” (ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื ืคืฉื™ ืžืžืงื•ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ื™ืœื“ื™) ื”ื™ื ืžื–ืžื ืช ืืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื’ื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืฅ, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ื›' ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ืจืืช ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืฉืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืœืžืคืงื“ื•) ื•ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืœื—ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœืคื’ื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืื‘ (ื”ื›ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืคื˜ื™) ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• (ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื•, ื’ื ืื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช) ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ืจื“"ืจ ืกื›ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจื™ืข ืžืคื ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื›ืื™ื‘ ืžืชืงืจื‘. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’, ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื›ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ืžืื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช, ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื ืคืฉ ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืคื ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ื›ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืื• ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ืช ื’ื ืื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš. ืื•ืœื, ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•, ืื•ืชื ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื”ื ื’ื ืืœื• ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืคื ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืช "ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช" ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื”ืจืชื™ืžื” ืฉืœื• ืœืžืขืจื›ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืกื›ื ืช ื”ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ ืงื“ื•ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืžืฉืืœื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉื›ืžื• ืงืคื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ , ืงื˜ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื›ืžื• ื ืฉืืจืช ื‘ื”ืžืชื ื” ื•ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ, ื”ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืื‘ ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื” ืžืชื ื™ืขื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคืฉืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืื“ื ืจืขื‘ ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื›ืš ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ื“ื• ื•ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืจืขื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืžื•ืœืื™ื, ืงื™ื™ื ืจืขื‘ ืขืฆื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืžืขื ื” ืžื•ืชืื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืืฉืจ ื™ืกืคืง ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ืขื“ืจ ืžืขื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืคื˜ื™ ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืขื“ ืœื›ื“ื™ ืจื” ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืฉืœ ืืžืคื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืขื“ืจ ืžืขื ื” ืžื•ืชืื, ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื›ื•ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืืš ืขืžื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื’ืชื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืข (ืื• ืžื•ื“ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ื•ืขืžื•ื) ืœืžื” ื”ื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื•ืžื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืขื ื”. ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื• ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื, ื”ื’ื ืชื™, ื ืขื“ืจ ืจืคืœืงืฆื™ื” ื•ืœื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœื“ื‘ืจืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื—ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืœืชืืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืขืก, ืชืกื›ื•ืœ, ืคื—ื“, ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื›'), ืืš ื ื“ืจืฉ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื ืคื’ืขื•. ืขืฆื™ืจื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืืžืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื” ื”ืงืฉื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื“ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืขืœ ืคืข ื”ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืงื•ื˜ืœื’ื•, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืฉืœ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™. ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืœืจืžื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœืคื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืžืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘, ืื“ืจื‘ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื•ื›ืขืก ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืื• ืฉืœืœ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืจื•ื— (ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช, ืงื•ืฆืจ ืจื•ื—, ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืฉืชืงื ื•ืช ื•ื›') ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช (ืื™ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜, ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื›') ื—ืœืงื ืืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงืฉืจ ื–ืืช ืœืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžืฆื™ื“ื•. ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืข"ืค ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื•, ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืžืคื˜ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืฉื‘ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื ืืœื• ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™- ื–ื”ื• "ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช". ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื’ืื ื˜ ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืงื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื›ื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกืคืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืžืจื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ื™ืกื” ืื•ืชื”, ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉืงืจ ืœื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชืžืจืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœืœื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“, ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื–ื™ื”ื” ื•ืžื™ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ ืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืืœื”, ืจืง ืฉืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื ืคืฉ ื›ื” ืืจื—ืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžื–ื”ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืขืžื•ืง (ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืฉืœ ืืžืคื˜ื™) ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ืžืขื ื” ืžื•ืชืื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ "ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช", ื”ืขืฉื™ื” ื”ืฉืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืืžืคื˜ื™ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืชืžื™ืจ, ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื•ืจื‘ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก. ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืืก ื•ืื‘ื•ืœื™ื• ืืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืื™ืฉื™ ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช, ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืžืฉื’ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื›ืขืช ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืก ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื™ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื•ืงืฉื‘ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืœืžืฆื‘ื•. ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืฉืœื• ื•ื›ื›ื–ื” ืœื›ื™ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืฉื‘ ืฉืœื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ (ืข"ืค ื”ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•), ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื ืขืœื™ื•, ืœื”ืชืขืงืฉ ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื”ื” ื›ืฉืœ ืืžืคื˜ื™. ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื›ืขืช ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืคื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื“ืจืš ื”ืคืจื™ื–ืžื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ืกืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช, ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืจื’ืฉ ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืื•ืชื• ื—ื‘ืจ ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ื›ืžืคืงื“, ืกื™ืคืง ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืขื ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจื’ืฉื™ ืขืžื•ืง . ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ืฉื—ื™ื–ืงื” ืืช ื”ืจืชื™ืžื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืœืžืคืงื“ื• ื•ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื›ื™ ืื ืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื•. ืœื ืืชืคืœื ืื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชืงื ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš. ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’? 1. ืืชื™ืงื”: (ืจืฆื•ืŸ) : ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืœืขื•ืžืง, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืฉืื‘ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™, ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ืœืคื™ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ื•. ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืืชื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื›ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืืชื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืžื“ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืฆืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื, ื’ื ืื ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื›ืœื”, ืžืืชื’ืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช, ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื›ืขืก ื›ืื‘ ื•ื›'. 2. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื” : ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื (ืื ื›ื™ ืืœื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช) , ื›ื™ ืื ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•, ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ, ืžื” ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืžื” ื”ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืžืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉ, ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ืจื“, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืื•ื‘, ืื• ืžืคื•ื—ื“, ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฉื”ื•, ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื•. 3. ืืžืคื˜ื™ื” ื•ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ : ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืฉืœื ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื›ื™ ืื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื ื”ื’, ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ื‘, ืื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืืช ื–ื• ืฉืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืื™ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืœ ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœื”ืฉื™ืœ ืžืขืฆืžื• ืืช ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื›ื– ืžืืžืฅ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’. 4. ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžืขืฆืžื• (ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื•ืช): ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘ื™ื, ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื›' ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื›ืœื” ืฉืœื•. ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื• ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื ืชืง ืžื’ืข, ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืขืก, ืœื‘ื˜ืœ, ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง, ื•ื›'. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืืžืฅ ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื• ื›ืื“ื ื•ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื›ืš ืชื’ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืขืžื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื•ืžื•ื›ืœ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’. 5. ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช: ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžืคื˜ื™ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขื ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื• ืžืื•ืชื’ืจืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืืžืคื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืš. ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืืžืฅ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื, ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ. ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืžืขืช ื•ืœืืžืฅ ืขืžื“ื” ืืžืคื˜ื™ืช. 6. ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื˜ื•ื‘ : ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืฉืœื• ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘, ื’ื ืื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื›ืคืชื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ื”ื›ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืขืœ ืฉืœืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•.

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ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื›ืฉืึทืžึผึธืฉื ืื• ื›ืฉืึถืžึถืฉื?

ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื›ืฉืึทืžึผึธืฉื ืื• ื›ืฉืึถืžึถืฉื?

ืžืืช ื“ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ

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ืื™ืš ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘

ืื™ืš ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘

ืงืžืœื™ื” ื•ื™ื˜ื ืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื”ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืกื"ืœ ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืื™ืจ ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ื"ื— ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ

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ืื‘ื”ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช- ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ?

ืื‘ื”ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช- ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ?

ืงืžืœื™ื” ื•ื™ื˜ื ืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืืžื™ืจ ืืกื ื™ืŸ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื• ื•ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

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ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜: ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”

ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜: ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”

ืžืืช ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืžืŸ ืžืื•ืจ

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ืื™ืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื’ื ืžื”ื ื”?

ืื™ืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื’ื ืžื”ื ื”?

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืฉืจื™ืช ืืœืคื™ื” ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžื” ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืš, ื‘ื™ื ืš ืœื‘ื™ื ืš? ื”ืื ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืืช ื™ืขื“ื? ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืกื“ื ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืžืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ? ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืืชื” ื—ื“ื•ืจ ืžื˜ืจื”, ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื—ื ืช ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœืš? ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ืš ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืžื•ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืžืชื•ื•ื”, ื“ืจืš? ืืœื• ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืืš ืฉื ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื” ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืžื ื” ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. (ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื›ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืืš ื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช). ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื•, ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืœืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžืฉืชืชืคืช, ืืฉืžื— ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขื™ืžืš ืืช 4 ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ (ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื) ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื’ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ืš. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ื‘ื‘ื™ืกืœ"ืž, ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืชืš ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™, ืžืขืžื™ืง, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ืื’'ื™ืœื™ ืœื›ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ (ื”ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื”!) ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” - ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื - ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื! ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื” ื•ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’, ืœืงื“ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืžื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื• ื—ืจืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื” - ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืคืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืื”ื‘ื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™? ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” - ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื”ื ื—ื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉื ืฆื‘ืจื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืงืจื” ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš: ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื/ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื - ื”ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช. ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ืžืคื–. ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช - ืžื›ืœ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืš ืคื•ืขืœ ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช, ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื" ื”ื™ื ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื - ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื top down ืœืœื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™. ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืจื•ื—, ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืฆื‘ื• ื›ื™ื•ื. ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ืžื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื" (movitim ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ) ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ืœืฆื“ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื‘ืฆืžืชื™ ื”ื›ืจืขื”, ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช - ืื‘ื ื™ ื“ืจืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืœื ืžืชืคื–ืจืช ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื: ื”ืชื ืขืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš - ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฉืœื‘ื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ - ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช, ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืกืงืจืŸ ืžื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื ื•, ื‘ื‘ื™ืกืœ"ืž, ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื. ื”ื—ื–ืงื”, ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื” - ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืชื™ืขื“ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš ื›ืžืคืงื“/ืช. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืš ืžืฉืงื™ืข/ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชืš ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ื—ื•ืช. ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช - ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื•ืžื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื. ื”ืจื•ื— ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืž- 4 ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื: ืืžื•ื ื” - ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข. ื”ื ืื” - ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื™ื, ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ืช ืชืืคืฉืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื•ืš. ืขื•ืžืง - ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ื ื• ืจืง ื›ืœื™ ืื• ืืžืฆืขื™. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช - ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ื™, ื™ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื“ืžื• ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื•ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืชืชืืคืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช. ืื– ืงื“ื™ืžื”.. ืชืคืฉื™ืœื• ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืงื™ืคืฆื• ืœืžื™ื! ื•ืฉืชืคื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื”ืคืขื? ืกืงืจื ื™ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืฉื—ืง: ืžืฉื—ืง ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช- "CANDY SHOP"

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ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜- ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช

ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜- ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช

ืžืชื•ืš ืคื•ื“ืงืกื˜ "ื”ืงืฉื‘ ื”ืžืคืงื“" ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ืœืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืจืก"ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”ืจ

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ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช

ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช

ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ: - ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ - ืืžื ืช ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ - ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช - ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช - ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ - ืื™ืš ื•ืžืชื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

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ืžืฉื—ืง ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช- "CANDY SHOP"

ืžืฉื—ืง ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช- "CANDY SHOP"

ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืžืฉื—ืง "CANDY SHOP" ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช: ืœื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืงืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ืคื™ืกื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืคื™ื, ื’ื–ืจื• ืืช ืงืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืžืงืžื• ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—. ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช : ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”! ืœืงืจื™ืืช ืคื•ืกื˜: ืื™ืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื’ื ืžื”ื ื”?

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ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช - ืฉื ืช 2021

ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช - ืฉื ืช 2021

ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื›ืืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021. ืฉื ืช 2021 ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ื”ืžืฉืš ืžื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ืืชื™ืช, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžื” ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืกืžืš. ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืกืžืš ื”ืžืœื ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ ื•ื“"ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื’

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ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช?

ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช?

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ 'ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™' ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื’ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื–ืจืช ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžืงื“ืžืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืจืฉืชื™ืช. ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช. ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช ืื• ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™ โ€“ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืœื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืจืง ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’, ื•ืœื ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 'ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™' ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘. ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืœื›ืœ ืžืคืงื“ ืื• ืžืคืงื“ืช ืฉืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชืœื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจืช

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจืช

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ื˜ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื / ื’'ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœ ื’'ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื ืื™ื ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื, ืืœื ืคืจื™ ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœ ืขืฆืžื: ื›ื™ ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื›ื, ืืš ืœื ืžื›ื, ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืžื›ื, ืืš ืื™ื ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ื. ืชื ื• ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื ืืช ืื”ื‘ืชื›ื, ืืš ืœื ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื, ื›ื™ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื’ื™ื”ื. ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื›ื, ืืš ืœื ื ืฉืžืชื, ื›ื™ ื ืฉืžืชื ืžืกืชื•ืคืคืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืจ - ืฉื ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืืฃ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื›ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœื—ืคื•ืฅ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืชื, ืืš ืืœ ืœื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ื›ืžื•ืชื›ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื ื™ื”ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื ืื—ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื ื™ืชืจืคืงื• ืขืœ ื”ืืชืžื•ืœ. ืืชื ื”ืงืฉึถืช ืžืžื ื” ื›ื—ื™ืฆื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื, ื”ืงืฉึธืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื ืฆื—, ื‘ืจืฆื•ืชื• ื›ื•ืคืฃ ืงืฉืชื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื—ืฆื™ื• ื”ื ื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื - ื›ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืขื•ืคื. ืœื ืคืขื ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื›ื›ื–ื” ื”ืžื“ืžื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช, ื—ืœืงื ืืฃ ืžื›ื ื™ื ืืช ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื™ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืงืฉืจ, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื•ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื›ืœืคื™ื”ื. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืžืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื˜ืจื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืื•ืชื• ืงืฉืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืฉื—ื•ื• ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื›ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ ื—ืœื™ืœ ื’'ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืงื“ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ื•ืจื•ื— ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•. ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืขืžืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื” ืืชื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื”ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืขื ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื. ืืคืชื— ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืชืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืœื“ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื• (ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ,ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ืขืจื›ื™ื) ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื . ืืชื’ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืื“ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”) ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืกืช ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืขื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื’ืœื” ื•ื™ืคืชื— ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืื ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื™ืœื“ื• ืœืคืชื— ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ , ื”ืจื™ ืฉื–ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ , ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ, ืœื”ืžืฉื™ื’ ื•ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื• ื•ื”ืฉื ื™, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœื“ื• ื™ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ื ื•ืœื“ ื™ืœื“ ืขื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืจืืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื• ื•ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ืืกืคืงื˜ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœื ืกื— ืœืขืฆืžื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ืช? ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžืžืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื”? ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื•, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืŸ ื ื’ื–ืจ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™, ืžื”ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืžืžืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ืืจื—ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื“. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืžื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™, ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื• ื•ื”ืคื ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื’'ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื” (ืื• ื›ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืœืช) ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื“ืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื•. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืืœื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืœื•, ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืžื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืขืจืš ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืคืจืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื“ื ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. 1. ืžื”ื• ื”ืงื™ื•ื? ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื•), ืฉืืœื” ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืื“ื ืžื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื "ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื" ื•ืžื”ื ืื•ืชื ืขืจื›ื™ื "ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื" ืืœื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื ืš. ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืžื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ืœืืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ื•ืžื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ื”ืื ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจ, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจ, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืฅ, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืจื’ืข, ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืืœ ื•ื›'.ื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื ืชื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืื—ืจ. 2. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ื–ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช, ืžื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืงื™ื•ืžื™. ืฉืืœืช ื”ืื™ืš ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉืœื•, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื’'ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ ืคื•ืจืก ืืช ืžืฉื ืชื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืืš ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื” ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืกืžื•ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ื’'ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ ืžื–ื”ื” ื›ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืžืžืžืฉ ืืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืžื– ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืคืกืคื•ืกื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื˜ื ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื’'ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื”ื•ืจื” (ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืขื ื›ื•ื•ื ื”) ืžืžืžืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื•, ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฉืื‘ ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•. ื’'ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื ื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื”ืจื” ืžืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื•ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ , ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžื•ืชืื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื•. ืขืœื™ื• ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื• ื•ืœืกืคืง ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื•. ื’'ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื—ืœื ื”ื”ื•ืจื” (ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื‘ื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื”... ื•ืœื ...) ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื”, ืืชื” ืชืžืœื ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ ืจืง ืื ืชื“ืื’ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœืš ื™ืชืคืชื— ื•ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื (ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจืกื” ืžืชื•ืงื ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืš) ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืชื™ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืืœืฆืช ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืกื•ืœ ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื” ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ืคืš, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืื•ืœื, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกืœื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืฉืจ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘. ืขืœื™ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœื• ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืจืฆื•ื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื• ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ืืฉืจ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื ืคืจื“ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื• ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ืœื ืกื— ืœืขืฆืžื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื›ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื‘ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื™ืคืขืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื’'ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉืขืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื , ื”ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืฆืœื—. ื’'ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืงืฉื”, ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืคืจื™ื•ืจื™, ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืชื”ืชืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืงืฉื‘ ื•ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื• ืจืง ืžืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื ื• ืชื•ืฉื’ ื”ืชืœื›ื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืงื“ ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืฆื”ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืืฉืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืžื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจ ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฉืจ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชื— ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื“ืื’ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื. ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืขืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ ืœืžืฉืื‘ ืืฉืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœืžืžืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืกื‘ืš ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžืชื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืืชื’ืจ ืœืœื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื— ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžืชื™ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ, ื›ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื›ืœ ื“ืจื’ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœื•. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœ ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื• ื•ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ , ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืืกืคืงื˜ ืืชื™ (ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœื™ื•) , ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื. ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืชื— ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื, ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืืช ืคืงื•ื“ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืจืชืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžืคืงื“ื• ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืคืงื•ื“ ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืฉืœื• (ืื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•). ืื”ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืืœ ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™, ืืœ ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช, ืืœ ืœื” ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืืœื™ื”, ืื”ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ืขืจืš ืืคืจื™ื•ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื. ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืืจื™ืš ืคืจื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืจืื” ื›ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืชโ€. ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ืช, ื›ืฉื ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื ื’ืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ื ื“ืกื”. ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›"ื”ืฉื’ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื ืคืฉ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”"โ€, ื•ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœื–ื•ืœืชื•. ืขื•ื“ ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื•ื”ื: 1. ื“ืื’ื” (care) ืคืขืœืชื ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืื”ื‘ื” . 2. ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ืื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืื”ื‘ื”. 3 ื›ื‘ื•ื“ - ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื, ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื™ืชืคืชื— ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื. 4. ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื• ื•ื”ื›ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืœ ืกื•ื“ื•, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชโ€. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ืงืœื™ืืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืืœืžื•ืชื™ ืฉืžื–ืงืง ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืืช ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืชื‘ืข ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ "ืœื ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืืช ืžืœืื›ืชื•. ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื—ื™ื™ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ืงืจื™ื ืœื• ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืงืจ ืœื•, ืฉื™ืื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื•. ืจืง ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื–ื” ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื• ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช-ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืชื•ืœื™ื›ื ืœื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืœื— ืื•ืชื. ืื ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื™ืขื•ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ, ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื - ืื–ื™ ืชื“ืข ื›ืœ ืื ืขื‘ืจื™ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื” ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœ ื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืš"

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ืคืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ืคืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืคืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”? ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืงืจ ื“ื™ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ืื™, ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืœื ืžืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืื“ื ืฉืœื ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžืžืกืคืจ ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• - ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืžืืœื™ื”ื, ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื“ืžื”. ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœ - ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ?

ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœ - ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ?

ืžืืช ื“ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ

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ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ืื™ืš ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื? - ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช

ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ืื™ืš ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื? - ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช

ืžืืช ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™

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ื”"ืื™" ื‘ืื™-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช

ื”"ืื™" ื‘ืื™-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืžื™ื›ืœ ื ืื•ืจ ืชื‘ื•ืจ. ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืืชื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืจืง ื—ื•ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘. ืืชื ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ืงืจื” ืื• ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœืคื”. ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœื›ื. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืื•ืชื”, ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืชืขืฉื•. ืชื"ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœ' ื“ืจื•ืจ ืคืœื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘13.7.08 ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื•ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ืฉื’ืจืชื™, ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื•. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืกืข ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืคืจืš, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ืคืจืง ืคืœื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืชืคื•, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคืชื•ื— ื•ืœืชืคืขืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื ื— ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจืกืง ืืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื, ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื”, ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. [1] "ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืš, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช" (ืžืชื•ืš: "ื™ืœื“ ื™ืคื”", ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ) ืืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš "ืžืชืืจื’ื ื™ื" ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ืฉื ืช 2020 ื›ื ืจืื” ืชื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื“ืคื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืคืงื“ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื - ืกื’ืจื™ื, ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืงืจื™ืกืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ืื– 2020 ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื ืฉื•ื ืงืฆืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœื ื•ืื ื—ื ื• "ื›ื”ืจื’ืœื ื• ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงื™ื™ื. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืืœื™ื ื•, ื”ืคืขื ืžื“ืœืช ืื—ืจืช, ืขื ืื•ืคื™ ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ืžืชืืจื’ื ื™ื ื”ืคืขื. "ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™" ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ ื•ื“ืื•ืช. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช โ€“ "ืžืžืœื›ืช ืื™ ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช". ื›ืœ ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืžื›ื™ืจ ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืื™ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช โ€“ ืžืžืชื™ ืขื“ ืžืชื™, ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืžืฉืš, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ 'ื“ื“ ืœื™ื™ืŸ' ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœืžื” ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืืฆืœื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช? ื”ืจื™ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื• ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืื• ืœืงืฆืจ ืื•ืชื•. ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•? ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœืžื” ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื ื—ืงืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื, ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ืžืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉืืžืื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื—. [2] ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื" [3] ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืžื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช. ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื“ืช. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ื”ื“ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ื“ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื ื•ืชื ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืช ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืžืžืฉ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•. ืื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื’ื ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื“ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืช ืื• ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืงืจื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ืจื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื‘ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื—ื“, ื‘ื”ืœื”, ื“ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื "ื‘ืฆืœ" ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ืคืงื™ื ื•ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื ืฆืžื“ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืจื“ืชื™ื™ื. [4] ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืŸ, ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื™ื™ื, ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื ื•, ืคืจื•ืฅ ื•ื ืžืฆื ืชื—ืช ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช. ืื– ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ ืฉื’ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช "ืœืชืจื’ืœ" ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช: ืœืžืฉืœ: 1. ืืชื’ืจื• ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืœืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘'ื•ื•ื™ื–' ืื• ืฆืื• ืื™ืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. โ€“ ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืชืจื’ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช. 2. ืฉื™ืžื• ื‘ืœื•"ื– ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ืขื•ื’ื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ื›ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘. ืœืžืฉืœ: ืžื“"ืก 3 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืฉื™ื—ืช ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ/ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืขื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช. 3. ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืขืฆืžื "ืขื•ื’ืŸ" ืื—ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ: ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”, ืงืจื™ืืช ื—ืœืง ืžืกืคืจ, ื”ืื–ื ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. 4. ืืชื’ืจ/ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ = ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืืชื’ืจ, ืื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœื•ื– ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืžืจืืฉ, ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ื‘ืื™ืœื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”? - ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืชืจื’ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ "ืื•ืœื™" ื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžื•ื’ืžืจืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื"ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœ' ืคืœื˜ื™ืŸ, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืชืจื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื” ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื ื™ื—ื”, ืขื–ืจื• ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš "ืœืืคืก" ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ "ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•" ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข. ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื, ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื•ืžืชื— ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช. ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื™ืจ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืืžื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื—ื–ืง ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš. ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื–ื›ืจื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื•ื”ืžืชื— ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ.
[1] ืืœ"ืž ื“ืจื•ืจ ืคืœื˜ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื— - ืคืจืคืงื˜ ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช (perfecthr.co.il)
[2] https://www.masa.co.il/article/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8-%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%9F/
[3] https://www.textologia.net/?p=16176
[4] ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ ื•ื“ืื•ืช: ืื™ืš ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื—ืจื“ื” - ื•ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช? - ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก (globes.co.il)

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ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ื ื™- ื”ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื

ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ื ื™- ื”ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื

ื‘ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ืณื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ื ื™ืณ, ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ื‘ืช ื—ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจืง ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™, ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ืื–ื ื” ื ืขื™ืžื”

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ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”

ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”

ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื›ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ATD ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ืกืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ buzz words ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”- ืžA- ืขื“ Z

AI and analytics: ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื›ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช,
ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื—ื•ืง (gamification), ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”-ROI ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื. ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ
ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ, ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”.

Budgeting: ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช
ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืขืช. :Credentials and Certification ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื‘ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื’ื™ื•ืก ืื• ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช? ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžืคืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื” ื•ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื ื™ื”ื•ื’ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื.
:DEI-Diversity, Inclusion andEquity ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืงืžื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืชื ื™, ื’ื–ืขื™ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช.
:Evaluating Impact ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืฆื’ืชื” ืœื”ื ื”ืœื” (ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืชื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื™ื•ืช) ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ROI- ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช.
Free, Free, Free! ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื›ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืœื ืขืœื•ืช (ื›ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ืงื•ืจ, ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื) ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ื.
:Generational Similarities andDifferences ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืจื‘ ื“ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื”. ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืžืจืก ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžื™ืœื ื™ืืœื– ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื”. ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ืืœืฉื ื›ืš? ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
:Hybrid ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™- ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ืฃ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื–ื”. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”-best practices ื‘ืชื—ื•ื (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ืื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื™ื) ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืจื•ื‘ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื learning,blended ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช. :Innnovation ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช (ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื”ื) ื•ื™ื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆืืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืชืœืฆื“ ื›ืœื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื ื”ืœ ืกื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ.
:Just-in-time, Directed Selfand On-Demand ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”/ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ/ืืฆืœ ื”ืคืจื˜. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื•ืชื—ื•ื. ื™ืฉ ืœืกืคืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื™ื“ืข ื›ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื™ื™ืœ. ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื”, ืื™ืš, ืื™ืคื” ื•ืžืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“.
:Knowledge Management ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช, ืฉืžื™ืจืช, ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื™ื“ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง. ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืขื“ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืขืœ ืืฃ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ.
:LMS, LRS, LXP ื›ืœื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื/ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื”/ืคื•ืจื˜ืœื™ื... ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื›ืœื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื ืื’'ื™ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืชื•ื›ืŸ.
:Microlearning ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฆืจื”, ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื•ื‘ืžื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืขื™ื›ื•ืœ (ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืช ื™ื• ื˜ื™ื•ื‘) ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžื’ื™ื™ืก ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
:Needs Analysis ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืžื” ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ ื•ืื™ืš ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื”. ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ืฉืžืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื.
:Obsolescence ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื“ื™ืจ, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
:Performance Management ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื”ืื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”review- ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ, ื’ื–ืœืŸ ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื•ืœื ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™. ืžื•ื“ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืคื™ื“ื‘ืง ืจืฆื™ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื”ืจืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื, ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืกืงื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื. :Qualifying Partners, Suppliers and Vendorsand ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืกืคืงื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืฉื›ื™ื—ื”. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ- ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื“ื™ืจ. :Reskilling and Upskilling ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช. reskilling ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, upskilling ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช, ืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ืื• ืื™ืžื•ืŸ. ื’ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื gaps skills ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ื•ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”/ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง. :Science-Backed Learning ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืชื—ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืฆื•ื‘ืจ ืชืื•ืฆื”. ื™ืฉื ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื”. :UX-User Experience ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืžืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื•ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื ืขื™ืžื”. :Virtual ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉื›ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ื›ืขืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื’ื ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ืงืกื•ื ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉื“ืจื’ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื™ื•ืฉื ื™ืื• ืœื”ืคืจื“ ืžืืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“. ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช. :Wellness and Work-Lifeand Balance ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืืžื ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืš ื’ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชื— ื•ืžืืชื’ืจืช ืืช ื”-WLB. ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืœืฆื“ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ื. :Zoom ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืชืคื™ืกื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื™ ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ ืœื”ื™ืช' ื™ืขืœ ื ื•ื”, ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

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ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืง ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™

ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืง ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™

ื‘ืคื•ื“ืงืกื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืง ืžืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืณื ืจืœ (ืชืช ืืœื•ืฃ) ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื“ืจื•ื•ืœื™, ืžืคืงื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืกืช ืงืจื‘ ืขื˜ื•ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื›ืš - ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื. ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื”: ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช/ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš (ืœื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ื•ืช) ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื (ืดืขืžื™ืชื™ืืด ืœืขื•ืžืช ืดืื—ื™ืืด, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”) ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช (ืดืืชื” ืžืคื•ื˜ืจืด ืžื•ืœ ืดืื™ื›ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš ื•ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœืšืด) ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืฉื ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื™ื (ื•ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื) ืฉืžืชื’ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช (ืดืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืœืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืืด ืœืขื•ืžืช - ืดืœืกืคืง ืจื•ื•ื— ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸืด). ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื™ื—ืก ืื—ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื: ื“ืื’ื” ืœืื“ื, ื“ืื’ื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืฉืŸ, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืžืคืงื“, ืœื ืจืง ืžื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืžื”ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช (ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื’ื”, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืขืจืš ื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช, ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืžืงื“ืžืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ื™). ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ืก ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืฆื•ื•ืช.


ืœื”ืื–ื”: ื”ืื–ื ื” ื ืขื™ืžื”, ืจื•ืขื™ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ

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๐ŸŽžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” (Borgen)- ืกื“ืจืช ื“ืจืžื” ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ืช

๐ŸŽžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” (Borgen)- ืกื“ืจืช ื“ืจืžื” ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ืช

ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ื” ืกื“ืจืช ื“ืจืžื” ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ืช ืžื“ื ืžืจืง ืฉืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉื” ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช: ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืžื ื”, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœื”, ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืืชื™ืงื” ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ื™ืช ืžืขื˜ ืงืฉื” ืœืฉืžื™ืขื” ืืš ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืช ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ืงืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื.ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ื•ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ืืฃ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช. ื˜ืจื™ื™ืœืจ: ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื™ืจืฆืงื™

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๐ŸŽžื”ืฉื•ืจื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“- ืกื“ืจืช ื“ืจืžื” ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ืช

๐ŸŽžื”ืฉื•ืจื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“- ืกื“ืจืช ื“ืจืžื” ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ืช

ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื ื” ืกื“ืจืช ื“ืจืžื” ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืคืจ ืกืช'ืจืœื ื“ ืฉืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื ืงื™ืจืงืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืžืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื˜ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื• ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืงื“ื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื•. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืœื—ืฅ, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื•ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืฉื™ื— ืขืœ ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ื•ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฆืคื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื‘ื˜ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ "ืœื ืงื•ืช" ืืช ื”ืคืืชื•ืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ื”ืงื™ื˜ืฉ ืฉื”ืกื“ืจื” ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื. ื˜ืจื™ื™ืœืจ: ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืขื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆืงื™

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๐ŸŽžื˜ื™ืงื™ ื˜ืืงื”: ื‘ืืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืคืค- ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™

๐ŸŽžื˜ื™ืงื™ ื˜ืืงื”: ื‘ืืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืคืค- ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™

ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ : ื˜ื™ืงื™ ื˜ืืงื”: ื‘ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืคืค: ืฉื•ืคืš ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืคืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื•ืฆื—ืช: ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืคืค ืœื ื”ืกืชื ื•ื•ืจ ืžื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ื˜ ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœื”ื- ื”ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื”ื. ื˜ืจื™ื™ืœืจ: ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืขื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆืงื™

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 Playbook(ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง)- ืกื“ืจื” ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช๐ŸŽž

Playbook(ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง)- ืกื“ืจื” ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช๐ŸŽž

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืื• Playbook ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืืžื ื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืกื“ืจื” 6 ืคืจืงื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืคืจืง ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืืžื .ืช ืื—ืจ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื“ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืงื•ืฉื™ , ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™, ื•ืชื—ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™, ื‘ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ื. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื“ืจื” ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจืง ืฉืกื•ืงืจ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ืžื•ืจืื˜ื•ื’ืœื• ื”ืžืืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืจื™ื ื” ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืก ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื ื™ืก ื”ืื’ื“ื™ืช. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืŸ ืฉืชืคื™ืกื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื˜ืจื™ื™ืœืจ: ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก. ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืขื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆืงื™

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๐ŸŽžืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ: ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ - ืกื“ืจื” ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช

๐ŸŽžืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ: ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ - ืกื“ืจื” ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช

ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื”ืฉื™ืงืื’ื• ื‘ื•ืœืก ื‘ืœื™ื’ืช ื”-NBA. ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืขืฉืจื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืกื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืื’ื“ื™ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืžืืžื ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืืš ื”ื™ื ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื™ื. ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืคืจืง ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืงืื’ื• ื‘ื•ืœืก ืžื•ืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขืžื“ื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื”ื ืคืœื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื”. ื˜ืจื™ื™ืœืจ: ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก. ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืขื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆืงื™

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ื–ืจ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ-  ืœืžื” ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช?

ื–ืจ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ- ืœืžื” ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช?

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ื™ืขืจื” ืืœื“ืžืข. "ืึดื ืชึผึฐืกึทืคึผึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึดืžึฐื‘ึปื’ึผึธืจึดื™ื: 'ืจึธืึดื™ืชึดื™ ื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช ื ึธืึถื” ื‘ึผึธื ื•ึผื™ ืœึฐื‘ึตื ึดื™ื ืึฒื“ึทืžึฐื“ึผึทืžึผื•ึนืช; ื‘ึผึฐื—ึทืœึผื•ึนื ื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ืคึผึดืจึฐื—ึตื™ ื’ึตืจึธื ึดื™ึผื•ึนื ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื ึดื™ื ืฉืื•ึนื›ึฐื ื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื’ึผึทื’ึผื•ึน โ€“ ืœึนื ื™ื•ึผื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ื”ึทืžึฐื‘ึปื’ึผึธืจึดื™ื ืœึฐืชึธืึตืจ ืœึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžึธื ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช. ื”ึตื ืœึนื ื™ึดืชึฐืคึผึฐืกื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึธืขึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ. ืึถืœึผึธื ืึดื ื›ึผึตืŸ ืชึผึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื: "ืจึธืึดื™ืชึดื™ ื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช ืฉืึถืžึผึฐื—ึดื™ืจื•ึน ืขึฒืฉื‚ึถืจึถืช ืึฒืœึธืคึดื™ื ืœึดื™ืจึธื”". ืจึทืง ืึธื– ื™ึดืงึฐืจึฐืื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึดืชึฐืคึผึธืขึฒืœื•ึผืช: "ืžึทื” ื™ึธืคึถื” ื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช ื–ึถื”!"... ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื˜ึดื™ื‘ึธื ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึฐื‘ึปื’ึผึธืจึดื™ื, ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืœึธื“ื•ึผืŸ ืื•ึนืชึธื ืœึฐื›ึทืฃ ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”. ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ึดื™ื ื”ึทื™ึฐืœึธื“ึดื™ื ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐื™ึทื—ึตืก ืึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ื‘ึผึฐืกึทืœึฐื—ึธื ื•ึผืช ื•ึผื‘ึฐืึนืจึถืšึฐ-ืจื•ึผื—ึท, ื›ึผึดื™ ืึธื ื•ึผ, ื”ึทืžึผึฐื‘ึดื™ื ึดื™ื ืึถืช ืกื•ึนื“ ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื, ืึตื™ื ึถื ื•ึผ ืžึฐื™ึทื—ึฒืกึดื™ื ืœึทืžึผึดืกึฐืคึผึธืจึดื™ื ื—ึฒืฉืึดื™ื‘ื•ึผืช ื™ึฐืชึตืจึธื”'". (ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ืื ื˜ื•ืืŸ ื“ื” ืกื ื˜-ืื›ื–ื•ืคืจื™ , 1943) ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงืกื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืืœืžื•ืชื™ "ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ"(1) ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช " ื”ื–ืจื” "- ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•"ื–ืจื•ืช". ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“, ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื ื• ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•. ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื, ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™. ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•. ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ื”ื–ืจื” ืœื ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืจืง ืœื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ืช ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฆื“ ื•ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื "ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช" ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•, ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืืช ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื›ื•'. ื”ื”ื–ืจื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ื”ื”ื–ืจื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื- ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ืฉื’ืจื”, ืื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื’ืจื” ืื—ืจืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืืจื•ื›ื” (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืœ"ื“, ื—ืœ"ืช ืื• ื—ื’ ืืจื•ืš). ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื ื• (ื‘ืฆื‘ื, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ). ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืฅ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ยท ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื? ยท ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื.ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช? ยท ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืคื•ืขืœ.ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืจืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” . ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ืฉืžื˜ืช ืžืขื˜ ืื—ื™ื–ืชื ื• ืžื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื’ืจืชื™. ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ื—ืžืงืžืงื” ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื•ืœื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœืฉื’ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืืœื” ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืœื—. ืœืขืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืจื‘. ื”ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ื›ื”, ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื•, ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš. ื›ืžื• ื‘- Waze, ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืœืขืชื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ืคื ื™ื™ืช ืคืจืกื” ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืื‘ื“ื• ืœื ื• ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš. ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื” ื•ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™? ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'ืก(2), ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืžืฆื™ื’ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื. ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฆืœื•ื— ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'ืก ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ืจื”, ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืžื ื’ื“, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ืื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื "ืœื ื™ืชืคื•ืก". ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœ- 3 ืฉืœื‘ื™ื: ืกื™ื•ื, ืื–ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื” : 1. ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื™ื ื•ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ- ืœืžืฉืœ, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ื•ืžื•. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื "ืžื ืงื” ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—" ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืจ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืื™ื ืื• ื”ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•: ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื›ื—ื™ื™ืœ. ืžืคืงื“ ืฉืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืื™ืชื” ื•ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื•. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ? ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ . ืžื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื•ื? ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืกื›ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื”, ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื, ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืžืžืฉ, ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ื•ื›ื•'. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืคืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืื™ืชื ื•ืืฃ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขื ืืœื• ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžืžืฉืง ืฆืžื•ื“. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื•ื• ืื•ืชื ื•, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืฆื™ื“ื” ืœื“ืจืš ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืคืจื™ื“ื”. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืชื— ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืกื™ื•ืžื™ื. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื›ื (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืœื”ืชืงืฉื•ืช ืœืกื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื”, ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืื• ืœื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื”, "ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื•ืœื”ื™ืขืœื", ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืœ, ื›ืขืก, ืขืฆื‘ ื•ื›ื“'). 2. ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจืืœื™: ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ- ืœืืŸ ืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข? ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจืืœื™- ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื ืจืื” ืจื™ืง. ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื•ืืฃ ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉ"ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ"- ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™. ื–ื• ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช: 1. "ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” "- ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ "ืœื–ืจื– ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื" ื•ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืจ ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจืืœื™ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ืืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช. 2. " ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” "- ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืœืขืฉื•ืช copy-paste ืœื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื "ืขื•ื“ ืžืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ" ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืคื” ืœื›ืš ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ: ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืคื ืกื™ื ืฉื—ื™ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืงื˜ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ืคื ืก ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืฉืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื’ื“ืœื”, ื›ืš ืฉื™ืžืžื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื“ืงื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืคื ืก ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ืงื”, ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืื•ืžืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืฉื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืชื•ื”ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืš, ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื”ืคื ืกื™ื ืžืฉื™ื‘: "ืึตื™ืŸ ื›ึผึธืืŸ ืžึทื” ืœึผึฐื”ึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ, ืคึผึฐืงึปื“ึผึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ืคึผึฐืงึปื“ึผึธื”". ืชืžื•ื ื”: ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืคืจ "ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ" ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื“ืžืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืœืช ื•ืžื•ืชืืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชื ืชื”. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืจืชืช ืื•ืชื ื•, ื•ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืชืชืื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื. ืžื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจืืœื™? ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจืืœื™ ื•ืœื ืœืžื”ืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืื—ื– ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื”. ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ืจืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื” (ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ื”ื–ืจื” ืื ืชืจืฆื•), ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ: ยท ืื™ืš ื”ืชื ื”ืœืชื™ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืงื•ื“ื? ยท ืžืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืจื•ืฆื” ื•ืืจืฆื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื• ื’ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื? ยท ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช? ยท ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืจืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจืช? ืฉืœื ื”ืกืคืงืชื™ ืœืžืžืฉ? ยท ืื™ืš ืชืคืกื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™? ยท ืื™ืš ืืจืฆื” ืฉื™ืชืคืกื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื? ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืจืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ื—ื•ืชื›ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืืœื™ื•. ืื ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™- ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื›ืš, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืœื™ื–ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืžืžืฉืงื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ืœืขืจื•ืš ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช, ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ืœืคื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืชื•ืš ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš: 3. ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”: ืฆืื• ืœื“ืจืš, ืกืขื• ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืฉืœื (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ), ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ื–ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื: "ื›ื ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ืชืจื’ืœืชื ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ", ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื. ืœืคื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'ืก, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืคืจืง ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืœื ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ. ืžื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”? ยท ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ยท ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชืžืงืžื•ืช. ยท ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื›ื- ืžื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื? ืžื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื›ื? ืžื” ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื›ื? ยท ืœืืคืฉืจ ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืืชื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืกื™ืžื ืชื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื. ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื•: "ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ืŸ". ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื- ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ- ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืงืจื•. ื“ืจืš ืฆืœื—ื”! ื›ืœื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช: ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: 1. ืื ื˜ื•ืืŸ ื“ื” ืกื ื˜-ืื›ื–ื•ืคืจื™ (1943). ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ. 2. ื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'ืก, ื•. (2008). ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช- ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื‘. ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ: ืžื˜ืจ.

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ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืœื™ื ื’ (storytelling) ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021, ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœืคืจื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™. ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื "ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ"

ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื "ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ"

ืžืืช ื“ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ

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ืืœ ืชืงื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื›ื...

ืืœ ืชืงื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื›ื...

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืงืจืŸ ืฉื—ืฃ ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ืœื ื”ืฉื’ื ื• ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื ื•, ืื• ืžืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”: 'ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ื™ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™... ' 'ืœืžื” ืœื ื”ื›ื ืกืชื™ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœืžืฆื’ืช ืฉื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื” ืขื“ ื”ืœื™ืœื”?' 'ืื™ื–ื” ืคืื“ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื•ื’ืžื’ืžืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜?' ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื”ืŸ 'ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืœื ืชื—ืชื™ืช'. ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื ืขื™ื ื•"ืœื”ืชืžืกืจ" ืœืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช: 'ืฉื›ื—ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช'. ืžืคื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžื˜ื” ืงืฆืจื”: - ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื™! - ืœืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืจื•ื›ื– ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช?? - ื›ืŸ ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ - ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื›ื–ื” ืขืฆืœืŸ - ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืขืฆืœืŸ - ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืืช ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืฉื•ื‘? ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•' ื›ื™ื“ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•. ืื– ืื™ืš ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช? - ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”-ACT ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”- ACT (Acceptance and Commitment) ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื•. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืžืจืืฉ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืื‘, ืกื‘ืœ, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคืจื™ื“ื”, ื›ืื‘ ืคื™ื–ื™, ื—ืจื˜ื” ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื—ื“, ืขืฆื‘, ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช, ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช. ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืืœื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ืŸ! ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืกื›ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืชื— ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžื ืกื” 'ืœืžื›ื•ืจ' ืœื ื•. ืื ืœืžืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืฉ, ืื ื™ ืžื™ื“ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•. ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื”. ืœืžื”? ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ืกื™ืคืง ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข. ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ ื’ื•ืจืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช. ืื– ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืื—ืจืช ืืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™? ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” = ืื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื™! ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” - ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืขืฆืžื™: 'ืื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืฉื”'. ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืจื’ืข ื•ืœื•ืžืจ: 'ืื ื™ ืฉืžื” ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืฉื”'. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืื ื™ 'ืขื‘ื“' ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™? ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืงื•ื ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื™ ืื• ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื ืœืงื ื•ืช? ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืชื”, ืืœื ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ืœื•ืžืจ: 'ื–ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”'. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื ื™ื” - ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™: 'ืื ื™ ืขืฆืœืŸ'. ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ 'ืื ื™ ืขืฆืœืŸ' ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ: ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ 'ืื ื™ ืขืฆืœืŸ' ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ืš ืžืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื•ื ืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฆืœื™ืœ ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื• ืฉืคื” ื–ืจื”. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื•. ืื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘: ani atslan ืื•: ืื™ื™ ืื ืœื™ื™ื–ื™ ืื•: ื ื ื™ืข ืฆืœืŸ ืื•: ื ืœืฆืข ื™ื ื ืื• ืœืฆืขื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืœื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช: "ืื ื™ ืขืฆืœืŸ!" ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืื—ืจืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืขืœืชื” 'ืื ื™ ืขืฆืœืŸ' ื•ืœื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื”... ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ื•ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•, ื’ื ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ืชื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ, ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•: ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื“ืื’ื•ืช. ื•ืœื ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ืžื™ื“. ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืงืฆืช, ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ืขืœื™ื”ื... ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”!

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ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™

ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™

ืœืชืฆื•ื’ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ืžืœื ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ ืœื”ื“ืคืกืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ

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ืชืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืœืื”

ืชืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืœืื”

ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืขื "ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื" ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ, ืžืคืงื“ ืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืค ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื• ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. ื˜ื™ืค "ืกื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘" / ื’ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ: ืื™ืš ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื™ื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”? ื˜ื™ืค "ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”" / ืื™ืชื™ ื“ืžื‘ื• ืื™ืš ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ืจืš, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื”? ื˜ื™ืค "ืœื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ"/ ื ื•ืขื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื? ื˜ื™ืค "ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช" / ืกืจืŸ ืจ' ืื™ืš ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช? ื˜ื™ืค "ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ืช" / ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืืŸ ืื™ืš ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืœืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื•? ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืงื• ืข"ื™ ืžื“ื•ืจ ืžื˜"ื— ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ "ืชืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืœืื”"

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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช

ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงืฆืจื”, ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืืช ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื”ื• ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืค (ืื‘-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก) ื”ื ืชืคืก ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’. ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื ืชืคืก ื›ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ื›ืคื—ื•ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื‘. ืœืฆื“ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช/ืžืฉืชืคืช, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™, ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื›ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™. ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืคืช. ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืืœื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช. ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžืœื

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ืื™ืš ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื? - ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช

ืื™ืš ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื? - ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™. ืื™ืš ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื•ื•ืืœืก ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ืกื•ืงื˜ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ืกืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™? ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื•ื•ืืœืก ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“, ื”ืœื•ื—ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ื ื’ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื•ื•ืืœืก ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ "ืœื‘ ืืžื™ืฅ", ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžืœ ื’ื™ื‘ืกื•ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืกืคืง ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ ื•ืœื•ื—ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ, ื•ื•ืืœืก ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื” ืžื ื™ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ื”ืืฆื™ืœ ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืก, ืฉื”ืคืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžืœืš ืกืงื˜ื•ืœื ื“, ื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื™ื ืœื”ืจืขื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืœืกืœืง ืื•ืชื ืžืื“ืžื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช. ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืงืจื‘, ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ื•ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืœื—ื, "ืœื ื‘ืื ื• ืœื›ืืŸ ืœื”ืœื—ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ื". ื•ื•ืืœืก ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืคื•ืฆื— ื ืื•ื ืฉืžืจืขื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืžืกืคืง ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืžื ื™ืข ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืœื—ื: "ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื ื•". ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืœื‘ ืืžื™ืฅ", ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืขื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืืฆื™ืœ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืœื—ื, ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื ื™ืข ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ื™ื, ืืš ืœื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœื ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืขื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื•ื•ืืœืก ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืชืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื™ืืžืŸ. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืขืช ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืขืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ืžืคืงื“ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืืชื’ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื›ืœ ืžืคืงื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืขื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืžื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”. ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืขื”. ื”ื ืขื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื“ื ืื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื•ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ื”ื ืขื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื“ื ืื• ืœืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืื• ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืขื•ื ืฉ (ืœื‘ื™ื, 2000). ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ืœืฉื ืขืฆืžื”, ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืจืช. ืœื ืœืฉื ื›ืกืฃ, ืื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืœื ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ. ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืžืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื ืขื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื, ื”ื”ื ืขื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืคื•ื—ืชืช. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืขื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื“ื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื•ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืžื ื™ืข ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืœืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืœื ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื ืขื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืื• ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืื™ื ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื. ืœืžื” ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ? ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื: ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”, ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช. ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืขืฆืžืื•ืช- ืขื“ ืื™ื–ื• ืจืžื” ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ื™ืขื“ื™ื. ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืจืžืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืขื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื ืžื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืคืงื•ื“ ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืขื ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื›ืฉืœื•. ืžื ื’ื“, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื ืืœื•, ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื ืขื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืขื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช- ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช, ืžืชืŸ ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขืช ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช.. ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื ืขื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ? ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืขื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื”, ืืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ "ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืงื•" ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืคื™ ืฆื•ืจืš, ืœืคืชื— ื’ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ื‘ืชื›ืœืก.. ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•? 1. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขืฆืžืื•ืช - ืœืคืชื— ืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: ยท ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”"ืžื”" ื•ืœื ืืช ื”"ืื™ืš". ยท ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืกื“ืจ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™, ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ยท ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ืžืคืงื“ื™ื- ืœืชืช ืœืž"ืž/ืž"ื› ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืœื•"ื– ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœื™ื• ยท ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืชืืคืฉืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช 2. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช - ืœืคืชื— ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ื ืžืฆื: ยท ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ- ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื’ืื•ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” (ืžื•ืจ"ืงื™ื,ื˜ืงืกื™ื) ยท ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื•ื•ืื™- ืจื™ืฆื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืขืจื‘ ืกืจื˜ ยท ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช, ืงืฉื™ื™ื ยท ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื- ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ื•ืื™ื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช 3. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช - ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ: ยท ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช- ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืขืจืš, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ยท ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช- ื’ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืœืชื—ืงืจ ื•ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ยท ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช- ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืขื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืคื™ ืฆื•ืจืš, ืืš ืœื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืชื˜ืžื™ืข ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”. ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื•ื•ืืœืก ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืข, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืจืื• ืื•ืชื, ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ. ืœื”ืื–ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜- ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜:

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ืžื” ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœืš? - ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื—ื•ืชื ืื™ืฉื™ ื›ืžืคืงื“?

ืžื” ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœืš? - ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื—ื•ืชื ืื™ืฉื™ ื›ืžืคืงื“?

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ื“ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืœื‘ืŸ. ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช (ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ), ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืชืŸ ืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื. ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืงื ื• ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื“ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข, ืืš ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ. ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“.
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, "ืงื• ื”ืžื’ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ื™ืคืจืฅ" ื•ื—ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืงืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื "ืื ื˜ื™ ืžื—ื™ืงื•ืŸ" ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื”ื•ืกืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื”ื•ื "ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข", ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•. ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฆื‘ื, ื›ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช, ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš "ืžื—ื™ืงื•ืŸ" ื”ืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื (ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืข...), ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืกืคื•ืจืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื‘ืื™. ื’ื ื›ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’. ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืชืืžื” ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ืืš ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื ื™ืฉืืจ ืชื—ืช ืฆืœ "ื”ืžื—ื™ืงื•ืŸ" ื•ืœื ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื›"ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช" ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื•ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืืš ืœืœื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืฆื‘ืข ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืืกืœื• ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื (ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™, ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืฆืžื™). ืœืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืžืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช , ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื” ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื“ื. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื•ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืฃ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™" ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื , ืืœื ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื , ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืช "ื”ืฆื‘ืข" ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืื ื• ืžืžืœืื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืชื ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•, ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•, ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืง ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื–ื” "ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ". ืื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”"ืื ื˜ื™ ืžื—ื™ืงื•ืŸ" ื”ืื™ืฉื™? ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”"ืื ื˜ื™ ืžื—ื™ืงื•ืŸ" ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ (ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืฃ):
ืงื—ื• ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื ืืชื ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื. ืžื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืžื›ื? ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื–ื‘ืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“, ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื›ื? ืžื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืจืชื• ืื™ืชื›ื ืœืื—ืจ ืœื›ืชื›ื? ืžื” ื”ืฉืืจืชื ืื—ืจื™ื›ื ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ? ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื›ื? ื•ืื™ืœื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืžื›ื? ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื ืœื›ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื–ืงืงื• ืžื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืชื ืื™ืฉื™. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืื’ื” ื•ื™ื—ืก ืื™ืฉื™ ืœื›ืœ ืคืงื•ื“, ืขืจืš ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœื–ื•ืœืช, ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื™, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืขืจืš ื”ืจืขื•ืช, ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช, ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ืื• ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ืจ ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขืชื.
ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ืžื—ื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืชืขืฉื•. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืชื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื‘ื” ืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืื ืชืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื”ื™ื” "ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™" ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื.

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ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™

ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™

ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื›ืืŸ ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื™ 2021, ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ 'ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช', ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืœื“ื•ืืœื™, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ "ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื". ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžืขืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช; ื•ื‘ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืจืฉืช ืฉืœืžื”, ืฉืœื ืคืขื ื“ื•ื—ืงืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืขืžื“ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช. ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืกืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื• ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื›ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื”ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”. ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ื“"ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื’ ื•ืžื™ื“ื“ ืื‘ื™ื“ืจ. ืœื—ืฆื• ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื

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ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืขื•ืจืคื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืœื™ื ืœืžืคืงื“

ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืขื•ืจืคื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืœื™ื ืœืžืคืงื“

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืฉืจื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™, ืฉืจื™ืช ืืœืคื™ื” ื“ื™ืžื ื˜ - ื‘ื™ืกืœ"ืž, ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ - ืจืข"ืŸ ืฉื“ื” ื•ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืจื”"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืฉื•ืžืจ ื—ื•ืžื•ืช", ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืžืกืžืš ื–ื” ื™ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช. ืœื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื (ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื•ืช): ืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช - ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืžืขืฆื ืฉื”ื•ืชื ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื—ืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื“ืื’ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ืจืฃ ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช (ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื) ื‘ื”ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” - ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ "ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช" ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืœืš ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช. ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื•ื”ื ืขืชื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืชื›ืœื™ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื•ื‘ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื•ืžื’ืŸ. ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืš ืžืฉืžืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืžื•ื“ืœ โ€“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืืชื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ืจ ืจื•ื— ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื™ื ืš ืžืชื•ื•ืš โ€“ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื”, ื ื•ืชืŸ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื— ืงื•ืฉื™, ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ืžืœืฆื•ืช: 1. ืœืฉืžืจ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืชื•ืš ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ โ€“ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช "ื”ืžืคืจืงื•ืช". ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ ืฉืœื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช (ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช). ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืชืงื™ืŸ. 2. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ , ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฆื”"ืœื™ืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช, ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช (ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช). 3. ืฉื™ืžืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื—ืจื“ื” ืื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืขืจื›ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. 4. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™. ืœืฆื“ ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืคืจื˜ ื•ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื”. 5. ืžืชืŸ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” โ€“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉืœืš. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืฆืคื” ืฉืชืคืชื•ืจ ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช. ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืื™ืชื• ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื•ืœื ืœื”ืชืคืชื•ืช ืœืชืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื ื™ื ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ืš. 6. ืžืชืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืื’ื” โ€“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช "ืžื™ื›ืœ" ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื•ื’ื "ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ" ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืกื‘ืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจื’ื•ืขื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืืœื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื (ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื—ืฉ ืื•ืชื); ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืžื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื’ืจื” ืชื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชื” ื”ืงืœื” ื•ื›ื•'. 7. ืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื›ืฉืžืชืืคืฉืจ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช โ€“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื•, ืžื” ื”ื ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื’ื ืื ื”ื ืชื—ืช ืžืชืงืคืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื• ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆืข ืœื™ื–ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• (ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ) ื•ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ื. 8. ืœืืคืฉืจ ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ืช . 9. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ืจื™ื’ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื‘ืจื”"ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืชืš, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืžื’"ืŸ ื™ื”ืœื•"ื . ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžื˜ืขื ืขื ืฃ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ืจืคื•ืื” . ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื™ื’ืืœ ืกืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉ โ€“ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื‘ืจื”"ืŸ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื“ื—ืง. ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช "ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉ": ืž ืฉืžืขื•ืช- ื”ืขื ืงืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ืช ืขืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช- ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืชื•ืš ื ืจืžื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™, ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืขืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื• ื™ื“ื•ื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช- ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื’ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช, ื—ืจืฃ ื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช. ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื "ืœ ืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœืคืจื˜ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”. ื— ื™ื–ื•ืง ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช- ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชืžืš. ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืžืฆื‘. ื“ ื•ื’ืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช- ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื•ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ. ื™ ื“ืข โ€“ ืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืื• ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘. ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืœืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช. ืž ืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช- ื”ืขืฆืžืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช, ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืกืŸ. ื‘ ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื™- ืžืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื•ืงื™ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœืฆื™ื”. ื  ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ- ื•ื™ื“ื•ื ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืžืš ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืค ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืžืฆื‘ืจื™ื- ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืžืฆื‘ืจื™ื (ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื•') ืœืฉื ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžืชื— ื•ื—ืจื“ื”. ืฉ ื™ื—ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื- ืื—ืจื™ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ืจื™ื’ ื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™"ืž ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™.

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ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืชื ื” (The CC Strategy) ื›ื›ืœื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืชื ื” (The CC Strategy) ื›ื›ืœื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”

ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช. ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื›ืืŸ, ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืจื™ื–ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช. ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืžื•ื“ืœ "ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืชื ื”" (the CC strategy) ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืžืฆืื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืžื”ืฉื“ื”. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื โ€“ ื—ืœืงื ืžื—ืงืจื™ "ื“ื™ืœืžืช ื”ืืกื™ืจ" ื•ื—ืœืงื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืขืฆื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœืฉืžืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ืžืชื•ืžืฆืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ, ื‘ื• ืžื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื (ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ืจ). ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžืœื

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ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”

ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืขืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืกืจืžืŸ ื“ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ืงืœ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืคืจืฆื• ืžืืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืžืชืกื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื”ืื™ืชื’ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืขืจืขืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช. ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ื”- ื”ืŸ ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืืœืฆื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขืžืŸ. ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื• ื™ืขืฆืชื™ ืคื™ืงื“ื” ืงืฆื™ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืฉืจืช ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื ืฉื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ืช. ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืืคื• ืœืงื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” "ื“ื•ืจื›ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”". ื›ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืงืขืช ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ, ืฉืœื ื™ืชืคืจืฅ, ื™ืฆื ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืคืŸ ื™ืคืจื•ืฅ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืฉื™ืคืจืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืคืจืง. ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืขื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืขืก, ืชืกื›ื•ืœ, ื—ืฉืฉ, ืื›ื–ื‘ื”, ืขืฆื‘ ื•ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ. ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื”ืจ ืข"ื™ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื™ื™ืขืœื ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืชื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•, ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ืคืง ืขืœ ื“ืœืช ืžืฉืจื“ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืžื ื•ืคืฃ ืžื•ืœื ื‘ืืฆื‘ืข ืžืืฉื™ืžื”. ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆื“. ื“ื•ืจืฉ "ื™ืœื“ ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ". ืœืžื” ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื›"ื› ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•? ืžื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื–ืืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช? ืื™ืš ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืชื›ืฃ ืชืฉืคื™ืข ื’ื ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—? ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื ื• ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ืช ืื• ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช, ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช. ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”. ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช. ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื›ื•ืœื ื•... ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืžื™ืœื›ื•ื“. ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืจืขืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” (ื’ื ืื ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”), ื—ื•ืชืจื™ื ืœ"ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืช" ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช, ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜, ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื”. ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืืฉ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ืขื•ืš, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช. ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืืš ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’ื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื? ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืขืžื ื•, ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืžืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ืžืกืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ืขื–ืข ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืš ื’ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืฆื•ื”ืจ ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜. ืื ื›ืš, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ื• ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื• ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช? ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืจื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช, ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื“ืžื• ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ( https://hbr.org/2016/09/diverse-teams-feel-less-comfortable-and-thats-why-they-perform-better ). ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœื™ื ื•? ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื–ื™ื, ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืœืคื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื˜ืฃ "ืžืงืœื—ืช ืงืจื”" ืžืขืžื™ืชื• ืฉืฉืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื›ืœ ื•ื›ืœ ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืจื’ืฉื™ ืกื•ืขืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืœื ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืชืคืจืฉ ืข"ื™ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉื ืฆื‘ืจ (ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืคืงื“ ื–ื”, ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื–ื”ื•ืชื™ ืœื™ื‘ืชื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉืืช ื›ืœ ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”). ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ืจืจื” ื›ืขืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื™ื‘ืชื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜. ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื? ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืชื’ืœืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื”ืœ. ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืฉืœื• ืœืงืจืืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืœื™ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื "ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื" ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืงื•ืฉื™. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื (ืœื ื ื—ื›ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืชืคืจืฆื• ืœื ื• ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื“ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื ืืฆื‘ืข ืžืืฉื™ืžื”). ื ืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื• ืฉื ื“ืข ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืคืจืง ื•ื ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”, ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”. ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ืžืคืงื“ ืื• ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ืฉืœื” ืœื›ืš, ืืคืฉืจ (ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจืฆื•ื™) ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™. ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”"ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ" ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื•ืœื”ืชืžืงื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื•.

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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ- ืื™ืš ืชื–ื”ื•, ืชืคืชื—ื• ื•ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืฉืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื›ื?

ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ- ืื™ืš ืชื–ื”ื•, ืชืคืชื—ื• ื•ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืฉืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื›ื?

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ื™ืขืจื” ืืœื“ืžืข ืžื”ื• "ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืงืกื" ืฉืขื–ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื”ื? ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื”? ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ืžืคื•ืชื—? ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช? ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื•ืžืคืชื™ืขื”- ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื•ืจืฃ, ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื ื™ืฆื—, ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืขืฆืžื” ื›ืžื• ืืจื”"ื‘? ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื. ืืœื• ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืชื™ืงื—ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืคืงื“/ืช ื”ื‘ื/ื”? ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื›ื? ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ืชืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ื‘ื” (ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืืชื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื•ืื– ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืงื—ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ- ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจืžื˜ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“). ืžืคืงื“ ืžื ื•ืกื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื•ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœื• ืœืคื™ืงื•ื“. ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืœืจื’ืข ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืžืฉืจื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” (ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงื•ื•ื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™), ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื ื“ืงื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ื”ืืžื ื? ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื›ื”ื ืžืŸ ื•ืขืžื•ืก ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™, ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืงืจืื• ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื "ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ "1. ื”ื ื—ืงืจื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืกืชืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ", ืœืคื™ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ . ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช, ืœืชื™ื™ื’ ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ (ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ), ืื• ืœืคืกืคืก ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ (ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉื ื™). ืืœื• ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•? ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช: 1. ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ - " ืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ืœื•ึน: ื ึดื“ึฐืžึถื” ืœึดื™ ืฉืึถืึทืชึผึธื” ืžึฐืื•ึนื“ ื“ึผื•ึนืžึถื” ืœึดื™, ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืึธืžึทืจ ื‘ึผึฐื“ึดื™ึผื•ึผืง ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ, ื‘ึผึฐื“ึดื™ึผื•ึผืง ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ " (ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจืื™, ื“ืชื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ). ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ืืœื• ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื•. ืื ื• ื ื™ื˜ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช, ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช; ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ื• (ืื•ืชื• ื—ึทื™ึดืœ, ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืชื ื•ืขืช ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ื›ื•'); ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืœ- ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืฉื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœื• ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื• ืœืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื”ื•ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืžืฉ ืื•ืžืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช). ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ืจืงืข, ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช, ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืขื•ื“, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืื ื• ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืžื ืฆื—ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื, ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืื• ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื- ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืขื•ืช, ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช. ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ. "ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื, ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœื ืžืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื. ืžืชื— ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื™ืคื”" (ืื“ื ื’ืจืื ื˜)2. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื•ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘? ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“? ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช? ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืจื™, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ืืชื ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื’ื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช. ืœืžื”? ื›ื™ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช, ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืคื™ืงื•ื“. 2. ืืคืงื˜ ืคื™ื’ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ- ื™ึตืฉื ืจึฐื’ึธืขึดื™ื ื›ึผึธืึตืœึผึถื” ืฉืึถื”ึทื›ึผึฐื ึธืคึทื™ึดื ื”ึทืžึผึฐืคึนืึธืจื•ึนืช ื ื•ึนืฉืึฐืจื•ึนืช ืœึดื™ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื”ึธืึถืฆึฐื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ืžึดืชึฐื›ึผึทื•ึผึตืฅ ื”ึธืจึนืืฉื ื ึดืœึฐื—ึทืฅ ืœึทื‘ึผึดืจึฐื›ึผึทื™ึดื, ืึฒื ึดื™ ื—ื•ึนื–ึตืจ ื›ึผึทืžึผึธื” ืฉืึฐืœึทื‘ึผึดื™ื ืึฒื—ื•ึนืจึธื” ื’ึผึนืœึถื (ืœื ื™ึถืฆึถื ืžืžืš ื›ืœื•ื, ื’ื•ืœื, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขื”) ืืคืงื˜ ืคื™ื’ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ "ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืžื’ืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื”". ื–ื”ื• ืืคืงื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืื• ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืื ืกื™ืžื ืชื™ ืžืจืืฉ ืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ("ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืจื—ื•ืง", "ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื•ืช", "ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆืŸ", "ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืœืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—")- ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื—ืจืฆืชื™ ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื•. ืขืฆื ื”ืชื™ื•ื’ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืคืชื— ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื•. ืื•ืชืŸ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืคืงื“ ื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืคืงื•ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืคืจืฉ ื•ื™ืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืคืงื•ื“. ื•ื›ืš- ืื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืขื’ืœ ืงืกืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช, ื’ื ืื ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช- ื‘ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžืขื’ืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ . ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ื–ื™ื”ื™ืชื™ ืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ืžืจืืฉ ืœื ืืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืืชื’ืจื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืืฆืคื” ืฉืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื”ืŸ. ื”ืคืงื•ื“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื• ืกืคืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืื•/ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืฉืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชื ื’ื“ ื•ื”ื’ื ืชื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ื ืžืขื’ืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืคืงื“ ืžืกืžืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื›ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™, ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืœื• ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื•. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืคืงื•ื“ ืžืคื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืžืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืชืœื• ื‘ื•. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื "ืคื™ื’ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”"3, ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืคื” "ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื•". ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืืจื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืกืžื ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžืกืœื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื (ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืœืจืข). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื ื™ื›ื”. 3. ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช- "ืืชื” ื ื›ืฉืœืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืš. ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื"/ ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืขืฉื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ืกื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“-ืžืžื“ื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ืชื— ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืคืงื•ื“ ื‘ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”, ืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืžืฉืงืœ-ื™ืชืจ ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ("ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฉืงื™ืข", "ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืœืŸ", "ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืš"), ื•ืžืฉืงืœ ื—ึถืกึถืจ ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื- ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื). ืื’ื‘, ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื• ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืœื—ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ("ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™", "ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—", "ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืœื ื ื™ื”ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข"). ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœื ื•. ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœื”ื˜ื™ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื—ืจ. ืืคืงื˜ ืคื™ื’ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš ื•ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจืŸ ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื. ืžื–ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืื’'ื™, ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“, ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• "ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•". "ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืจื›ื‘ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ("ืฉื˜ื— ืžืช"), ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™, ื›ืš ื’ื (ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’) ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืก: ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืชืŸ โ€“ ืฉืื™ืคื” ืฉืืฃ ืžื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืœื ืฉืืฃ"4. ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื? ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชืฉืคืขื ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“. ืžื” ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช? ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”, ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื, ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ื•', ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื ื• (ื›ืžื• ืืช ืžื™ ืœื”ื“ื™ื—, ืœืžื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“): 1. ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ - ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื›ืš ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ "ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื˜ืŸ" ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืš ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™). ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืคืงื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื—ืกืจ ืœื›ื ืžื™ื“ืข? ืžื™ืฆืื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ. 2. ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื - ื”ืกืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืงื“ื™ื, ืืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืง ืงื‘ื•ืข ืื™ืชื•. 3. ืžืชืŸ ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช - ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื- ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกืคืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื›ื, ืื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช- ื”ืงืฆื• ืœื• ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืื• ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืžืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• (ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื ื–ืง. ืœื ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกืคืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœื• ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื). ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืืœื™ ื•ืฉืืชื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื’ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ืœื—ื ื™ื›ื”. ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ื›ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. 4. ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ื•ืฉื™ื— ืคืชื•ื— - ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืฉื•ื‘. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื™ื–ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจืฉืžื™, ื•ื’ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืขื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื. ืฉื™ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื” ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ื•. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉืš. ืžื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืžืคืชื— ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ื ื™ื›ื”, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืคืงื“ื™ื. 5. ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช -ืกื™ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืชื›ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื• ืœืื™-ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื. ืฉื™ืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื- ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื ื”ื ืœื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื“-ืžืžื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืŸ")? ื”ืื ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื? ืื ืœื- ื‘ื™ื“ืงื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื™ืกืคื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื• ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. 6. ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช - ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื’ื ืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœ"ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ". ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื—ืžืจืช-ื™ืชืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื• ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื ืกื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคื’ื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœื›ื. ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉ"ื”ืืžืช ืœื ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืจืง ืืฆืœื ื•". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช, ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื. ืžืคืงื“ ืฉืกื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืกืžืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื›ื–ื” ื•"ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืฆืช" ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื•. ืžืจื’ืข ืฉืคืงื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืกื•ืžืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืชืืžืฅ/ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื™/ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™/ ืืžื™ืฅ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”- ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” "ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืฆืช ื”ื–ื•", ื’ื ืื ืงื™ื™ื ืืฆืœื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžืชื ืงื– ืืœื™ื™. ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ . ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช . ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื“ื™ . ืจืง ืœื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ. ืžื” ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืžื“ื™. ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืœ . ืžืชื™ ืืœืžื“ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ... (ืืžื™ืจ ื“ื“ื•ืŸ)
ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช! ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจ-ื”ืœืœ, ืž' (2005). ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืฉืจ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื/ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื›ื”ื ืžืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”. ืžืชื•ืš ื“ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ Adam Grant, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ืกื•ืคืจ Rosental, R., & Babad, E. Y. (1985). Pygmalion in the Gymnasium. Educational Leadership , v43 n1 p36-39 September. ื‘ื ืื’'ื™, ืž' (2014). ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช- ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื ืก ื”ืžืœื™ืื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืขืกื•ืงื” (02.07.2014). https://diversityisrael.org.il/%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8-%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99-%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94-%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%98/

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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช

ืื™ืš ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ โ€“ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ืžื• ืฆื”"ืœ ? ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื•ืžืงื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืขื“ื•. ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ (ืœืžืฉืœ โ€“ ื”ืื ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจ"ืฉ ืชื ื•ืคื”?). ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš, ืžืชืžืงื“ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ื’ื ืคืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืจืš, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืื™ื ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“, ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื”ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืคืจื˜, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ื‘ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื›ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ (ืœื™ื ืง ืœืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ืจ). ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžืœื

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ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื”, ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื”, ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืขื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆืงื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ื”ืœืŸ ืงืœืจ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•. ื”ืœืŸ ื—ืœืชื” ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจืฉื•ืช, ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 7 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื•ืขืกืช ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœืช ื•ืœืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื . ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื” ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช - ืืŸ ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื ืก ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืŸ, ืžื•ืจืชื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื•ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืœืŸ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื ื‘ื” - ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ืœืžื“ื” 3 ืฉืคื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช, ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืฉืคืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœืช ื“ืขื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื. ื‘ืกืคืจื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืžื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื™ืœื“ื” ื›ืขื•ืกื” ื•ืžืจื™ืจื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ืฉื” ืžื‘ื•ืจื›ืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื”. ื™ืชืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื›ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ื•ืงื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืกืคืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื•ืืช ืคืœื™ืืชื” ืžื›ืš ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื•ืงื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชื”ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขืœื” ื•ืœื›ืœ ืงืจืŸ ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช: "ืื ื™ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืช ืจืžื– ืื—ื“ ืœืจื•ืื™ื : ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื—ืจ ื™ื›ื” ื‘ื›ื ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ. ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช , ืืช ืฉื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ืืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื” ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื—ืจ ืชื›ื” ื‘ื›ื ื”ื—ื™ืจืฉื•ืช. ื”ืจื™ื—ื• ืืช ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื. ื˜ืขืžื• ื•ื”ืชืขื ื’ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ื’ื™ืกื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื—ืจ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืœื˜ืขื•ื ื•ืœื”ืจื™ื—ื•. ื”ืคื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื. ื”ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื". ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉื–ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ืœื•. ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื“ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ืฅ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื”: ืžื•ื“ื” ืื ื™ ืžืœืคื ื™ืš ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ืžืœื” ื ืฉืžืชื™..." ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื™ ืฉื’ืจื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืชื™ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชืคื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื”. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื. ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืกืœืื ื‘ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื, ื•ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ โ€œื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื”โ€ ื’ืœื•ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื”: ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” โ€“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช/ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ /ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืื• ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• (ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืงื™ืฆื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ) ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš, ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื‘ื ื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืชื—ื–ืง ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื• ืœืงืจืืช ืžืคื’ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืขื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ ,ื”ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ. ืžืžื—ืงืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืืžื•ื ืก ื•ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืžืงืœืœื• (2) ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื—ื” ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆืื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ืžื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื ืื” ื˜ื™ื ื” ื—ืžื“ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ,ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืžืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื. ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื“ื ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืœื—ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืืžื•ื ืก ืžืกื›ื: "ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™ . ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื”. ื”ืชื•ื“ื” ืžื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื ื›ืžืชื ื”" (3) ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื™ื’ืืœ ืกืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœื—ื•ืกืŸ? ืœื–ืืจื•ืก ื•ืคื•ืœืงืžืŸ ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื˜ืจืก ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ "ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื", ืื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืื“ื ื›ืืฉืจ "ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“". (4)ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืขืฆืžื” - ื›ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื’ืขืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื’ืช ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื ื• ื•ืœืคืชื— ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“ ืขืฆื‘ ื›ืขืก ื•ืชืกื›ื•ืœ. ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืœื—ืฅ ื•ืœืงื•ืฉื™ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ืงืœื™ ืžืง'ื’ื•ื ื™ื’ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ืžืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ืžืชืืจืช ื‘ืกืคืจื” "ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ืฅ: ืœืžื” ืœื—ืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืš, ื•ืื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื‘" ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘2016, (5) ืฉืžื” ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืœื—ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื: ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืชื’ืจ, ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.(4). ืœื™ื ืง ืœื”ืจืฆืืช ื˜ื“ ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ืžืง'ื’ื•ื ื™ื’ืœ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ืื ื• ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•- ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื - ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชื•ื“ื”, ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš ืจื‘ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืฉืื ื• ื ืคื’ื•ืฉ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืื ื ืืžืฅ ื›ื–ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื– ื›ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืจื’ืข ืืžืช ืงืฉื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื™ืžื•. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ "ืขืœ ื™ื‘ืฉ" ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื–ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืชื’ื“ืœ, ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ืชื ืกื• ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื›ืฉื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื™ืฆืœืฆืœ: ื ืกื• ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื—ื•ืœืคืช ื‘ืจืืฉื›ื ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช... ืื ื™ ืžื”ืžืจืช ืฉื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื ืืชื ืชืคื’ืฉื• ืžื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื•: ืื•ื•ื•ื•ืฃ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ? ืื•ื•ื•ื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื›ื•ื— ืœืงื•ื! ืื•ื•ื•ืฃ ืœื ื‘ื ืœื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ืžื” ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืชื™ื–ื•ื–ื™ื! ืื ื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื”, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ืš, ื ืกื• ืžื™ื“ ืœืกืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื›ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื™ืžืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื- ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื™ื˜ื” ื—ืžื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”! ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืงื•ื ืืœื™ื•! ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืœื•"ื– ืฆืคื•ืฃ. ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘.ืช ื•ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ ื›ื—. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืžื” ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœื›ื? ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื— ืืชื ืงืžื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื˜ื”? ืื™ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื? ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื• ื‘ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืืžืจ ืฉืžืื– ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืจื’ืœืช ืชื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืš ื•ืขื ืฉื™ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘.:) ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื›ืžื›ื™ืจื™ ืชื•ื“ื” ? ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืืžื•ื ืก ืžืฆื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืชื•ื“ื”!" ืžืกืคืจ ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื. ืืกืคืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื›ืžื” ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื: 1. ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืชื•ื“ื” - ื ื”ืœื• ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ 3 ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงืจื• ืœื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื”. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื 2. ื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืจืข - ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื•ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื. 3. ืื ืืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื, ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” (ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืžื•ื ืชื›ื) ืื ืœื, ืฆืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื "ืชืคื™ืœื”"/ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžืฉืœื›ื ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื” ืืชื ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื›ื. 4. ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” - ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœืฉืคื” ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ื”. 5. ืชื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืคื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืš - ื ืกื• ืœืชืจื’ืœ ืชื•ื“ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืคืงืง ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขืœ ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœื—ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ืŸ ืืชื›ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืชืจื’ืœืชื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.. ื‘ื™ื—ืจื• 1 ืื• 2 ืฉืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื ื•"ื ืกื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช" , ื”ื™ื• ืขืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื! ื•ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื“? ื›ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ื, ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื›ื- ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช "ืชื“ื‘ื™ืงื•" ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื”. ื–ื”ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื›ื ื›ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื›ื•ืœื”. ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืชื•ื“ื” ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื— ืฆื”"ืœ- ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขืจืš ื”ืจืขื•ืช. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืœืจ ื”ืœืŸ, ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™, ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 1955 Emmons, R. A., & Mccullough, M.E. (2003) โ€œCounting Blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84:377-89 ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื. ืืžื•ื ืก. ืชื•ื“ื”! ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื˜ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ 2017. RS Lazarus, S Folkman: Stress Appraisal and coping. Springer publishing compa ny 1984. โ€ The upside of stress: Why stress is good for you, and how to get good at it. K McGonigal - 2016 - Penguin

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ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช

ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ื˜ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™. "ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื ื• ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ืžืชืขืจื‘ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื‘ื" ืฉื™ืชืฃ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžื’"ื“ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืคืงื“ ืื’ื•ื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ. "ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ" ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืžืคืงื“ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืฉืœื— ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, "ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืœื•"ื– ืฉืœ ืžื—ืจ ืื ื™ ืœื ืฉื•ืœื— ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค" ืืžืจ ืžื’"ื“ ืื—ืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื— ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืกืžื ื•ืช ืืชื’ืจ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•. ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืกื’ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืขืฉื” ื”ืžื’"ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื›ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ื•ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื”ืคื ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง. ืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™, ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ืืฉ ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช , ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ- ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืœื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ, ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืŸ, ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืชื• ืืช ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”. ื›ื ื™ืกืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื•ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆื‘ื, ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื›ืืžืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื’'ื ื“ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืจืื” ื—ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืื–ืจื— ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืœืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•. ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ 2021 ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื–ื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืงื˜ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™ ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื‘ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื–ื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ื•ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืงืจืงืข ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ. ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื—ืฉืคืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืฆื”"ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื”, ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืœืฆื‘ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื• ืžืจืื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื›ื” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื•. ืžืงืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ื" ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ื”ืคืš ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืชื’ืจื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืืžืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื’"ื“ ืžืกืคืจืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื, ื”ืขื“ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืขื•ืจ ืžื’ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืขื˜ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื‘ื ืžื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™. ื›ื–ื” ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ืœืœื ืžื•ืจื, ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคืจืฉ ืื•ืชื, ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื™ ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื•ื˜ื” (ื”ืžื•ืชืื ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื ื™ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืงื“) ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™. ืœื ืคืขื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืคืจื•ืฅ, ื•ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื“ืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ืกื‘ืจ ื•ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื”ืงืฉืจ, ืืฉืจ ื›ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืœื”ื‘ ืฉื•ืขื˜ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ื• ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ืžื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœืœื” ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช: 1. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจื™ื (ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ื›ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค ืœื“ื•ื’) ื”ื ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืื• ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช. 2. ืขืฉื™ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืžื”ืงืฉืจ. 3. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฆื‘ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื’'ื ื“ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช- ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื“ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื’ื“ืจ, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืจืงื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ืืฉืจ ื ืชืคืก ืœื ืคืขื ื›"ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืก ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” (acting out) ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื” ืฉืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืชื ื”ื’. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืžืฉืงืฃ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจืกื™ื ื•ืฉืงื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ? ื”ืื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืจืื” ืื• ืžื•ืฉืชืง ืœื”ื ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื•? ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข? ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืกื˜ ืืžืช, ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ืคื™ื™ืง ื ื™ื•ื– ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืงื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ืืš ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“, ืฉืคื”, ืงื•ื“ืงืก, ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื™ื— ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืช ื”ื–ื•, ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจ. 1. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื”, ื•ืื—ืช ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืืชื’ืจ ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืžืงื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืชื— ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืชื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”. 2. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืจืžื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ื ืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื•ื•ืœ. ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื•ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื—ืจืฃ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช. 3. ืื™ืคื•ืง ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ , ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื–ื™ื–ื”. 4. ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช - ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื“ืจื™ ื™ื•ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืงืจื•, ืืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืœื”ื‘ื” ืžืจืืฉ ื“ืจืš ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช. 5. ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข - ืื—ืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ื™ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ื“ื™ื, ืœืคืชื— ื›ืœื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื•ืš ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืืฉืจ ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘, ืœืžื–ืขืจ ื ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกืจ. 6. ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง - "ืžื” ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžืชื ื”ื’", ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื "ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ" ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ "ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืกื”" ื•ืจืคืœืงืฆื™ื” ื›ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื›ืจืชื. 7. ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช - ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืขืฆื™ืจื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื•ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืฆื™ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช.

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ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื•ืก ื”ืžืœืื”, ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื•ืก ื”ืžืœืื”, ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืขื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆืงื™. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”90 ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฆืื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืคืืกื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื›ืื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื•ื ื” "ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื“ื›ืื•ื ื™". ืžืฉืžืข, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื™ืžื™ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื•ืก ื”ืจื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ, "ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช" ื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช. ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื•ืก ื”ืžืœืื”? ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ืืžืจ ืฉืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืœ ืงืžื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืกืชืจื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืืกื™ืžื™ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ื ืžืฆื ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ - ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื”ื. ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืœื—ืฅ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื•ื”ืชืงืคื™ ืœื‘. ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืชืžื•ืชื”-ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืืกื™ืžื™ื™ื (1). ื”ืื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื? ืœืคื™ ื“"ืจ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื–ืœื™ื’ืžืŸ ืžืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช, ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื•, ืžืฆืื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืขืฆืžื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื•ื ืื• ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืช, ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืขืฆืžื ื›ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ ื•ืœื ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืงืจื” ืงื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืงืจื”, ื•ื’ื ืœื ื›ื›ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื” ื›ืืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื–ืžื ื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข, ื•ื›ืš ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืฆื‘. ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื”ืคืกื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืื™ื•ื ืื• ืงื•ืฉื™ ื›ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ ืžืื•ื“, ื›ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืคื—ื•ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช (2). ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ ื™ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืื• ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื ืจืฆื” ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืืžืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• "ื”ืคืขื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืื• ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืืฆืœื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ". ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืคืกื™ืžื™ืกื˜ ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืœืขืฆืžื• "ืื ื™ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ืื• ืื ื™ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื”! ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืืฆืœื™ื—!". ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื–ื”, ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื‘ ื•ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื›ืขื•ืก ื•ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžื•ืœื ื”ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื•ืจื“. ืงืฉืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืžืจืืฉ ื•ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืฆื‘. ื•ื”ื ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช- ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืงืฆืช ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื˜ืขื” ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• . ืื‘ืœ. ... ื’ื ืื ื™ื˜ืขื” ื•ื™ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื• ืฉืœื” ืฆื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืชืขืจืขืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ!! ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืžืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘, ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืœืขื–ืจืชื• ื•ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ืžื ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ืคืขืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื— ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช? ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื›ืŸ! ืื– ืื ืืชื ืงืฆืช ืคืืกื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืขื›ื ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ืืžืฆื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ๐Ÿ˜Š - ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช! ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื’ื ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื ื ื• ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืขื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืœืืžืฅ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ื–ื™ื, ืงืฉื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชืกื›ืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื•ืขืฆื‘. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืžืกื’ืœื™ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช . ืื– ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”? ื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• (ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืชืจืฉืžื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื) 3 ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืงืจื• ืœื›ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื. ืžื—ืงืจ ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื ืกืœื‘ื ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืœื™ื’ืžืŸ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืฆื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื•, ื—ืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช. ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉื ืฉืžืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื’ืžืจ . ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื™ื™ืืžืŸ - ื›ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื›ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ! ื ืกื• ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื• ื•ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื! ื‘. ื›ืฉืืชื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ืกื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืžื–ื”? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ. ื’. ืžืกื’ืจื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ- ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื” ื›ืื™ื•ื ื ืกื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ื›ืืชื’ืจ โ€“ื–ื” ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืงื•ืฉื™. ื“. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืฉื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืื• ืื™ื•ื, ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืชืง ื•ื—ื•ืกื ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื”. ื ืกื• ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืช ืœื” . ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื•ืœื”ืชื ื™ืข ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช. ื”. ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื™ืคื” ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข- ืขืœ ืžื” ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื. ืชื ื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื ืกื• ืœื ืœืจื™ื‘ ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข. ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• ื ื”ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื”! ืฉื™ืžืจื• ืืช ื”ื›ื— ืœืขืฉื™ื”. ื•. ื—ื™ืชืจื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื“ืขืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืื™ืชื• ืืชื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ืชื’ื‘ืฉื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื–. ื”ืขื™ื–ื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื”, ื—ืคืฉื• ืชืžื™ื›ื”: ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื - ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜, ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืชืคืขื•ืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืขืฉืจ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื. ืฉืชืคื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืชื ืืชื ื—ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื— ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช. ื—. ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืืชื’ืจ ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ืฉื” ื•ืฉื•ื—ืงืช. ื”ื˜ืขื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื: ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉืคื•ืจืงืช ืžืชื— ื•ืžืื•ืฉืฉืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ. ืื ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืืžืฅ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืœื• ื•ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื”ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื›ื, ืืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื. ื›ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ื, ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื›ื ืชื•ืฉืคืข ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘, ืืš ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš, ืชื”ื•ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืจืื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื. ื”ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ื“ืจื›ื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืžืฆื™ื“ื›ื ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื’ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืกืžื ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš. ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื”ืื ืืชื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื• ืคืกื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืขื›ื? ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืฉืืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื–ืœื™ื’ืžืŸ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช) ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื ืกืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื ืงืจื Authentic Happiness ื”ืฉืืœื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜. https://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/questionnaires/optimism-test ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: 1. https://www.coursera.org/learn/positive-psychology-resilience/lecture/Ac9c4/1-7-benefits-of-optimism 2. Peterson C. (1991) The Meaning and Measurement of Explanatory Style, Psychological Inquirery, 2, issue 1.

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"ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื - ืกื“ืจืช ื“ื•ืงื• ืืงืฉืŸ ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื”"

"ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื - ืกื“ืจืช ื“ื•ืงื• ืืงืฉืŸ ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื”"

"ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ืขืœ "ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื" - ืกื“ืจืช ื“ื•ืงื•-ืืงืฉืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ "ื›ืืŸ" ื”ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืขืจื‘ ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื›ืœ ืคืจืง ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื: "ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™. ื”ื›ืจืช ื“ืžื•ืชื•, ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื”ืชืงืคื™ื•ืช" ืžื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ืขืœ ืื ื•ืืจ ืกืื“ืืช ืžืจืชืง ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืžื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื ืืฆืจ ื”ื›ืจื–ื™ืžื˜ื™ ืจืง ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืกื’ื ื• ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืื™ื™ื, ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืืคืจื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืกืกื ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืชื™ืข ื›ืฉืชืงืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘73, ื”ืคืชื™ืข ื›ืฉืžื™ืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ืคืชื™ืข ื›ืฉื”ืคืš ืžืคืœืื— ืฆื ื•ืข ืœืžื’ืœื•ืžืŸ ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืขืœ ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘"ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื". ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืจื ื™ืช ืืœืงื™ื™ื, ืจืž"ื“ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช" ืœื™ื ืง ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื”: https://kanapi.media.kan.org.il/Players/ByPlayer/V1/ipbc/S0321519_1_g_67c31b441485/HLS

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ืœืžื” ื—ื ื™ื›ื”? ืœืžื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?

ืœืžื” ื—ื ื™ื›ื”? ืœืžื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืื•ืœื’ ืžื•ืจื“ื•ื›ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'. ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืงืจื“ื™ื˜: ืœืงืžืœื™ื” ื•ื™ื˜ื ืจ ืืฉืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื›ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืœื” ื›ืจืกื ื˜ื™ ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืกืขื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•. ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ (ื•ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ) ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื• ืื•ืชื™ ืขื ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื”. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช, ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช, ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื™ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” - ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช). ืื‘ืœ, ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆื•ืขืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื›"ืœืงื•ื—" ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ "ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื”", ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉื ื—ื ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ืชืงื“ืžืชื™ ืœืขืžื“ืช ื”ืจืž"ื“ ืฉื—ื•ื ืš ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืคืงื“ ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื (ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื” "ืœื‘ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“"). ืื•ืœื, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ื, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™: ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฆืœื™ืœื”. ืื–, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ื”, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ื–ืžื ื™ืชโ€ฆ) ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืื™ ืงื• ื˜ืื• ืฉื‘ืชืื™ืœื ื“. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืžืกื•ื’ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ" ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืžื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืืœื•? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืชื—ืจื” ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื•ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉื‘ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื“ื ืฉืžืชืงืฉื” ื‘ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื ื• "ื—ื‘ืจ" ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช, ืœืฆื•ืœืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™. ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื™, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื•, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื™ื™ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืืฉืจ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื (ื•ืœื™ืžื“ืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ื), ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื’ื ืœืœื ืžื™ืœื™ื (ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ืโ€ฆ)!. ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื™, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ื›ื”, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืฉื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื•ืœืœืžื“ ื›ืœื™ ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืคืงื“ื™ื. ืจื’ืข - ืื– ืžื”ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื ื™ื›ื”? ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื—ื ื™ื›ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื›ืš ื‘ืœื•ืขื–ื™ืช (ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื). ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื—ื ื™ื›ื”" ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ":Mentoring", ืืš ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื’ื ืชืจื’ื•ื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ืœืข ืœืžื˜ืจื” (ืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ). ื”ืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืืกืคืงื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื ื™ื›ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื ื™ื›ื” "ืฉืœื". ืื•ืœื, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— (ื•ื’ื•ืคื™ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื•) ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื™ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื”: ืงื•ืืฆ'ื™ื ื’ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ (Managment as coaching). ืžื•ื ื— ื–ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžื•ื ื— ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืงื•ืืฆื™ื ื’ ืขื ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืงื•ืืฆ'ื™ื ื’ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื–ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื, ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืื•ืก (ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”), ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื—ื“ื“ืช ื›Game changer. ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืชืคืกื” ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื“ื‘ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืคืงื“ . ืื•ืœื, ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื•, ืœืฆื“ ืคืขืจื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื’ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ื“ื‘ืš ื–ื”. ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ืช (ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื•: ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื ืš ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื ืš. ืžืกืคืจ ืชื ืื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช (ื”ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง): ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืชืชืงื™ื™ื (ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ืš ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื—ื ืš). ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ืš ืœื ื—ื ืš ื•ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” (ื”ื—ื•ื ืš ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš). ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ื ืš ืœื—ื•ื ืš (ืื—ืจืช ื”ื ื—ื ืš ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš). ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช 100-100 (ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš). ืžื™ื”ื• ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ืš (Coach-manager) ? ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื ื”ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื•ืงื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•Mindset. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืฉื™, ืžืชืžืฉืš ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ "ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื" ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ืฉ: ืžื ื”ื™ื’ (ืงื•ื‘ืข ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœืงืจืืชื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื). ืžื ื˜ื•ืจ (ื—ื•ืœืง ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื—ื•ื›ืžืชื• ื•ื ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื•). ืžื“ืจื™ืš (ืžืœืžื“ ื•ืžืชืจื’ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืฉื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•). ืžื ื”ืœ (ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžืขืงื‘ ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“). ืžืืžืŸ (ืžืคืชื— ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“). ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื• ื“ืง ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืื ื•ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“. ื”ืฉืงืขืช ื™ืชืจ, ืื• ื—ืกืจ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืชืื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืืœื ืืฃ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื–ืง ื•ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืงืจื™ื. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ื• ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื ื•ืช. ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื™ื›ื”. ื”ืื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉืœ ืœื—ื ื™ื›ื”? ืฉืืœื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื‘ืจืจืช ื”ืื ื”ืชืžืžืฉื• ื›ืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื”. ืœื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื ื•ืš. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืจืžืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”. ื‘ืขืฆื, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืืœื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืงืจื”. ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื”? ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืšื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™, ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืชืชื‘ืฆืข ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื, ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืœื ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”. ืœื›ืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ืกื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื™ืืœืฅ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื•ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื "ื™ืชืจืกืง"? ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื, ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ืžื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ. ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื”ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืื•ืชื•. ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช "ืกืฃ ื”ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืืคืฉืจ "ืžืจื—ื‘ ื˜ืขื•ืช" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• "ืจืฉืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ". ืื "ืกืฃ ื”ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื ื• ื ืžื•ืš, ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืžื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชืช ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ืกื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžืืžืŸ, ืื—ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• "ื—ื•ื ืง" ื•ืœื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—. ื‘ืžื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื? ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืœื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืœื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื• ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ (ื•ื™ืงืจ) ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงืฉื™ื? ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื—ื–ืงื™ื? ืื•ืœื™ ื‘"ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืข"? ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื ืกื™ื•ื ื™, ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ( ืžื ื”ืœื™ื "ืžืฉืงืžื™ื") ืื• ื‘ื—ื–ืงื™ื ( ื”ื "ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช" ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” "ืžืฉืชืœืžืช") ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืข" ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืžืกืคืงืช. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, "ื”ื˜ื™ืค" ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืงืฉื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื–ื”, ื—ื ื™ื›ื” (ืื• Managment coaching) ื”ื™ื ื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืกืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืฉื™, ืžืชืžืฉืš ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืื™ืชื. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ืง ื•ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืžื” ื—ื ื™ื›ื”? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื•ืงื•ืืฆ'ื™ื ื’ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืงื•ืืฆ'ื™ื ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื (Executive coaching) ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืขืœืช ROI ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื ื™ื›ื” (Managment coaching culture) ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื” ื‘Well being ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ, ื’ื™ื•ืก ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืชื ืื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ื, ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื. ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ื ืจื•ื•ื™ ืœื—ืฅ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื• (ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืจืง ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื), ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ืขื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•Growth mindset. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื–ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืœืžื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•? ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื•ืœื›ืื•ืก ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™. ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜. ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื—ื“ื“ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”. ืื™ืœื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื—ืคืฉื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”? ืื ื™ ืžืฉืขืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ืคืฉื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื, ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื, ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื•, ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื™ ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉืง ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืง ืฉืœ ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืžืฉืง ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื•ื‘ืงื•ืืฆ'ื™ื ื’ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื, ืœื ืจืง ืชืืคืฉืจ ROI ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ), ืืœื ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš, ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืจืข. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื’ื ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื, ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ื ื™ื›ื”. ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื•, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ "ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื", ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืžืฆืชืžืฆื ืœืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฉืžืจ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช. ืื™ืš? ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื•ืืฆ'ื™ื ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืขื ื™ื“ืข ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื•ื’ ืืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ Coursera ื‘ืฉื Coaching skills for managers. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื™. ืื—ืช ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœื“ืจื’ ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื” ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืงื™ืคื” ื•ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืœื“ืจื’ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื“ืจื’ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืจื’ื• ื›ื•ืœื•. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกื“ื ืื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช. ืื•ืœื, ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืชื•ื“ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— (ืกื“ื ื”, ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’, ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื•ื›ื•') ืืœื ื”ืกื˜ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืชื— ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ืœืฆื“ ื•ื™ื“ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืกื“ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื—. ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ื ื•ืš? ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ื "ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื" ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ "ืœืฉื“ืจื’" ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื. ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื“? ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืœื™ื“ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ื: ืื™ืœื• ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื›ื”? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื ืš ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš "ื ืงื™ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ"), ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ื—ื ื™ื›ื”, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชืฆืคื™ืช, ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืžืœืžื“ (ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื• "ืœื‘" ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื”). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœืขืชื™ื "ืžืชืคืกืคืก": ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื•ื ื›ื™ื (Coaching coaches). ืื™ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื“? ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชืŸ ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื "ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข Follow up ืื—ืจื™\ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื•ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชื•ืš "ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” "ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื" ืฉื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื. ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืกื“ื•ืจ? ืื—ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื ื™ื›ื”, ื”ื™ื ื” ืฉื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชื—ื•ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ืช: ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื "ื—ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื" ืื›ืŸ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื‘ืฆืขื• ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”. ืื•ืœื, ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื›ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืกื“ื•ืจ ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื™ืชื‘ืฆืขื• ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื›ืจื— ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืขืงื‘ ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื”: ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืชืฉื•ืื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš. ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืงืฉื‘ ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื. ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—? ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืืœ ืžื• ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื’\ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื ื™ื›ื”. ืื•ืœื, ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ, ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœืคืชื—ื›ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืื•ืจื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืชืคื•ืงืชื™ื™ื ืชืงืคื™ื, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื—ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืœืฆื“ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื—ื ื™ื›ื”, ืื• ืงื•ืืฆ'ื™ื ื’ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™, ื”ื™ื ื” ืชืคื™ืกืช ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ืžืืชื’ืจ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขืงื‘ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ, ืืš ืžืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืขื ROI ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืื•ืœื’ ืžื•ืจื“ื•ื›ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ืจืืฉ ืžื“ื•ืจ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ.

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Hit refreshโ€“ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื ืฉืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื•ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• / ืกืื˜ื™ื” ื ืื“ืœื”

Hit refreshโ€“ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื ืฉืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื•ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• / ืกืื˜ื™ื” ื ืื“ืœื”

ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืฉืœ ืกื"ืœ ื“ื•ื“ื• ื’ื™ืœืขื“ - ืจืข"ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ื‘ "ืงืจืืชื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืกืื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜. ื‘ื“ืจ"ื› ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื”ื–'ืื ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”. ืกืื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืฃ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื”ืื•ื˜ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ืจื™ืชืงื” ืื•ืชื™. ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ื–ื” ืœื ืชืงืฆื™ืจ! ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื’ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืื™ืš ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”. ืงืจื™ืื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”!" ื“ื•ื“ื• ื’ื™ืœืขื“ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืคืจ / ื“ื•ื“ื• ื’ื™ืœืขื“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ยท "ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”ื ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช". ยท "ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“: ืืฃ ืžื ื”ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืืฃ ืžื ื›"ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜". ยท "ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืขืœ, ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืžื• ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื• ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ". ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ยท "ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื ืข ืžืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื... ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืกืงื™ ื”ื”ืขืฆืžื”... ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื ื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ". ยท "ื›ืœ ืื“ื, ื›ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืงื™ืฉ refresh โ€“ ืœื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ, ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื". ยท "ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ื”ืŸ โ€“ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ". ยท "(ื›ืœ ืžื ื”ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•) ืœืžื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืงื™ื™ืžืช? ื•ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”?" ยท "ื’ื ืื ื™ ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ืื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื”... ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื•". ยท "ืžื” ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืžืžื ื”ืœ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’? ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ืื ืืชื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœืœื™ื. ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื. ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืœื•ื• ืื•ืชื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื. ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช. ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื–ืงืงื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ืžืกืจ. ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื”ืกื›ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช". ยท ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”-C : ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช (concepts ) , ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช (capabilities ) , ืชืจื‘ื•ืช (culture ) ยท "ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—. ืฉื ื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื” ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื•ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”". ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ยท "ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื ื›"ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืœื ื“ื•, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”, ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืจืชื™ืžืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”". ยท "ื”ืฆื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช. ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืงื™ื•ืžื ื•.... ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืื‘ื“ ืื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืชื™ืขืœื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”: ื‘ืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื•ืกืงืช? ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช? ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืœื ื•- ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•". ยท "ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื™, ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ยท ื”ื ืฆืžืื™ื ืœืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืกืžื™ื". ยท" ืงื ืื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื ื•ืข ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื™ืชื” ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช....ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื ืขื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช". ยท "ืื ื™ ื ื•ืงื˜ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื” ื•ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืงื ืื” ืื• ืœื•ื—ืžื ื•ืช". ยท "ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ื”ืœืื”? ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืจื’ืฉ? ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”? ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื“ืžืช ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•?: ืžืกืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื• (ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืื™ืคื” ืœื‘ืงืจ ื•ืขื ืžื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื)... ื”ื’ื“ืจื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืขื“ ืœืžื˜ื”. ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช...ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื”....ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช....ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื". ยท "(ืื™ืš ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื?) ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ืฉืงื” ืฉืœ "ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช" 10 ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ืื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ, ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ื, ืžื–ื›ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื• ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื...ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื”ื". ยท "ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฆื•ืžื—, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช: ื. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ื‘. ืฉื ื™ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื ื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืœื”. ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•. ื’. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืช, ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืื—ืช โ€“ ื•ืœื ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”...ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ". ยท "ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืื•ื‘. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข. ืฉืืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื•ืช". ยท "ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืฃ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžื ื•ืคืคื™ื ืงืฆืช ื‘ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืื– ืžืชืจื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืื ื” ื•ืื ื”. ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืฃ ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžื—ื–ื” ื™ืคื” ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื•ืฃ ื›ืŸ".

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ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช?

ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช?

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืฉืจื™ืช ืืœืคื™ื”. ืื ื• ื˜ื•ืžื ื™ื ื–ืจืข, ืื™ื–ื• ืชืฉื•ืงื”, ืื™ื–ื• ื—ื“ื•ื•ื”, ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื”ื–ื•ืจืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืžืขื”....", ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื“ืžืขื” ืฉืžืชื—ื‘ืจืช ื™ืฉืจ ืœืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฉื™? ื”ืจื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ืงื”. ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขืฆื, ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืžืขื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ ืžื•ืคืœื ืืš ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœื•ื. ื›ืœื•ื. ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื“ืžื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืจืช ืœื ื™ืฆืžื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ืœื›ืื•ืจื”. ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ื•ืœื“ืฉืŸ. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœื•ื. ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ืžืฉืจื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”. ื›ืžื• ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘. ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืงืœื”. ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ื•ื•ืื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฆื. ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื•ื›ืŸ. ื‘ืฉืœ. ืคื•ืจื—. ืื– ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ืื•ืจืš ืจื•ื—... ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืชืžื“ื”. ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช. ืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง. ืื– ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงื™ื™ื”? ืœื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื ื•. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ื ื”ื”ื“ืจ, ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืฉื•ืคืข ื•ืžื ื™ื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ. ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš - Trust the process. ื˜ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜, ื—ื’ ื”ืื™ืœื ื•ืช, ื—ื’ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื—ื’ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืกืžืœ ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•. ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ืงื”, ืœืืžื•ื ื”, ืœื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช/ื”ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื•ืœืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช. ืืจื‘ืขืชื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ื ืื” ืžื”ื“ืจืš.

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ืœื˜ืขืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช

ืœื˜ืขืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช

ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืœืคืงื•ื“, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืคืจื™ื–ืžื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ. ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืชืช ืืœื•ืฃ ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืœื•ื™ื•ืก. "ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืžืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื ื™. ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื—ื“ืจื™ ื ื˜ืข ืžื™ ืžื”ืžื—"ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืฉื“ืจืช ืขืฆื™ ืคื™ืงื•ืก ืœื”ื ืฆื—ืช ื ื•ืคืœื™ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืคืœื” ื‘ืขืช ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ืืœื™ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉ ื”ืขืฅ ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืžืช ื•ืจืก"ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื˜ืจื ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืขืžื“ื ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื. ืœื™ื“ ืขืฅ ืจืขื ืŸ ืขืžื“ ื—ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืคืงื“ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืก"ืจ. ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื—ืคืจ ื’ื•ืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืฅ. ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ืชื™ ืœื™ื“ื• ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืœืžืขืฉื™ื•. ื”ื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืจืก"ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื•ื”ื ื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืžืช. ืฉืืœืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘ โ€“ ืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ? ื•ื”ื—ื™ืœ ืืžืจ โ€“ ื”ืžื—"ื˜ ืื ื™ ื ืฉื‘ืข, ืื ื™ ืจืง ื—ื•ืคืจ ื•ืฉื•ืชืœ ืขืฅ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื•ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™ - ื•ืœืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ? ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• โ€“ ื›ื™ ื”ืจืก"ืจ ืคืงื“ ืขืœื™. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืชืขืงืฉืชื™ - ืœืžื” ? ืจืง ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืš? ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจื” ื•ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ืืžืจ โ€“ ื”ืžื—"ื˜ ืœื ืจืง ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœื™ ืื ืœื ืื‘ืฆืข ืื•ืชืŸ. ืื ื™ ืžืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ืžื”ืจืก"ืจ. ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ืืช ืœื ืืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™. ื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื— ืืช ืืช ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื”. ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืœื˜ ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืขืฅ ืืช ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื”. ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื• ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ื•ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื• ืฉืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืฉื“ืจืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื. ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืขืฅ ื—ื™ ืžืกืžืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื. ื•ืื ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืจ ื•ืฉื•ืชืœ ืขืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื— ืื•ืชื ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืงืจื” ื”ื–ืืช. ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืจื’ืข, ื—ื™ื™ืš ื•ืืžืจโ€“ ื•ื•ืืœื” ื”ืžื—"ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•". ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ื™ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฆื™ืช / ื˜ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืœื‘, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืจื’ืฉ. ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” "ืจื’ืขื™ ื—ืกื“" ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืžืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืขื™ื“ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ืœื ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื• ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคืจื ืงืœ, ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืคืงื“, ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื. ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื›ื–ื•ืœืช ืจื•ืื” ื•ืžืื“ื™ืจ, ืžืžืœืืช ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื™ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืžืชื ื“ื‘ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืžื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’. ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืืฉืจ ืงื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืก"ืจ ื•ืจืื” ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ, ืืช ื“ืคื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื—ืฉืชื™ ื’ื ืื ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื™ ื›ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜, ืขืช ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• "ืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”?". ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืขืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืืŸ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื ื’ืœื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื• - ืžืจืื” ืคื ื™ื• ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืžืžืื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžืขืฉื” ืงืกื. ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืœืžื“ื•, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืืฆืœื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžืขืจืขืจืช ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ื• ื›ื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื”. ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืคืงื“, ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื - ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืžืคืงื“ ืฉืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื™, ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื• ืžืžื ื™, ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื•ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื™ ืขืจืš. ืžื”ืœืš ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืจืก"ืจ, ื›ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœืคื™ ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื›ืžื ื•ื›ืจื•ืช. ื ืคืจืฅ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื•ืžื’ื“ืœืช. ื”ื•ื ืขืงืจ ืขืฅ ืขื‘ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื ื˜ืข ืื™ืœืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืฉืชืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืžืฉืขื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.

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ืื™ืš ื‘ืืžืช ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื?

ืื™ืš ื‘ืืžืช ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื?

ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ื”ื™ืœื” ืžื–ื•ืจ. ืฉืืœืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืขืกื™ืงื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื. ืื ืฉื™ ืžืฉื"ืŸ, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืจื’ื•ื ื™, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ืžืคืงื“ื™ื/ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช Day David ืขื•ืจืš ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื›ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื. ื–ืืช ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืœ ื“ืจืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ื•ืคื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘- 360 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืคืจื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ืžืืžืจื ืฉืœ DeRue ื•Myers - ืžืฉื ืช 2014 ืขื•ืฉื” ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืžืŸ ืœืืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—. ื”ืžืืžืจ ืืจื•ืš (ืžืื•ื“! ื•ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.. ) ืื– ืืชืžืงื“ ืžืชื•ื›ื• ืจืง ื‘ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืจืคืœืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช . ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจืคืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื•. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื ืชื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื (DeRue, Nahrgang, Hollenbeck and Workman, 2012, Ellis and Davidi, 2005). ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ืœืื™ืžื•ืฅ. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉืœื‘ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื• - ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื™ืžื•ืฅ. ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืชืืจ ืขื•ื“ ืืช ืžื•ื“ืœ 70:20:10 ืฉืžื ื™ื— ืฉ-70โ€ฐ ืžื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“, 20โ€ฐ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืง 10โ€ฐ ืžื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืขื ื–ืืช DeRue ื•Myers - ืœื ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื›ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื‘ื“ืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื ื ื™ื— ืœืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื ืœื - ืžืื™ื–ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•? ื”ืื ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ืื• ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืื• ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช? ืื• ืฉื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืืžืชื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื”? ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื 70% ืžื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจืžื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืชืฆืคืช ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื”. ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”-70โ€ฐ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ืฉื ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช, ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจืคืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืกื“. ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ื ื•. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘! ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช : ืื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืฉื”ื ื”-70% ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•) ืื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” (ื‘-10โ€ฐ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•) ื•ื”ืืžืช ืฉื’ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื”-20โ€ฐ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื›ื•' ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืœื ืจืง ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื•, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืฆืคื” ื‘ื ื•! ื‘ืขืฆื ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื• ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื, ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืื• ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื”, ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”! ื”ื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื•, ืืœื ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”, ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืื• ืžืคืชื—ืช ืขื•ื“ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื–ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™. ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืจืืœืฃ ื ื™ื™ื“ืจ: "ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืœื ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื" ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: DeRue, D. S., & Myers, C. G. (2014). Leadership development: A review and Agenda for future. research.โ€Day, D. V. (2000). Leadership development: A review in context. The leadership quarterly , 11 (4), 581-613. DeRue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., Hollenbeck, J. R., & Workman, K. (2012). A quasi-experimental study of after-event reviews and leadership development. Journal of Applied Psychology , 97 (5), 997. Ellis, S., & Davidi, I. (2005). After-event reviews: Drawing lessons from successful and failed experience. Journal of Applied Psychology , 90 (5), 857.โ€โ€โ€โ€

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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœื ื™ื•ื–ืœื˜ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืงื‘ืœื• ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื:

ื”ืจืฉืžืชืš ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”

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ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื•ืœื“ืžื™ื ืฅ, ืฉื“' ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื ืชื ื™ื”

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